# verses

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But you <n>[Gentiles]</n> will then say, “The branches were broken off so that we could be grafted in.”


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True, but they <n>[i.e., the Jews]</n> were <n>[really]</n> broken off because they did not believe <n>[in Christ]</n>, and you <n>[Gentiles]</n> remain <n>[in God’s favor]</n> because you do believe <n>[in Him]</n>. So, do not become arrogant <n>[about it]</n>, but be fearful.


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For if God did not spare the natural branches <n>[i.e., the Jews]</n>, He will not spare you <n>[Gentiles]</n> either.


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So, look at God’s kindness and severity. He was severe with those <n>[Jews]</n> who have fallen, but He is kind to you <n>[Gentiles]</n>, if you continue to accept His kindness <n>[i.e., by living for Him faithfully]</n>. Otherwise, you too will be cut off <n>[like the Jews were]</n>.


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And these Jews also will be grafted <n>[back]</n> in <n>[to the olive tree]</n> if they do not continue in their lack of faith <n>[in Christ]</n>, because God is able to graft them back in again.


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For you <n>[Gentiles]</n> were cut off from a natural wild olive tree and <n>[then]</n>, contrary to the natural process, were grafted into a cultivated olive tree. <n>[Since that has happened]</n>, how much more likely is it for these <n>[Jews]</n>, who are the natural branches, to be grafted <n>[back]</n> into their own olive tree <n>[again]</n>?


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For I want you to know this secret, brothers, so you will not become conceited: Part of the Israelites have become <n>[spiritually]</n> insensitive <n>[to God]</n>, <n>[and will remain that way]</n> until the fullness of the Gentiles occurs. <n>[Note: As with the Jews (verse 12), “fullness” here may mean either a large or the complete number of Gentiles who will be saved]</n>.


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And so <n>[i.e., in this way]</n> all the Israelites will be saved. <n>[Note: The “all” here is thought by many to refer to a large number of the physical Jews who will be saved, not necessarily to every single individual Jew]</n>. Even as it is written <n>[Isa. 59:20-21]</n>, “The Deliverer <n>[i.e., Christ]</n> will come from Zion <n>[i.e., either Jerusalem, or the nation of Israel]</n>. He will take away the wickedness from Jacob <n>[i.e., the Jews]</n>.”


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<n>[A summary of Jer. 31:31-34 says]</n>, “And I <n>[i.e., God]</n> will make this Agreement with them <n>[i.e., Jewish and Gentile believers]</n> when I take away their sins.”


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Now in response to the <n>[proclamation of the]</n> good news <n>[about Christ]</n>, the Jews became <n>[God’s]</n> enemies for the sake of you <n>[Gentiles]</n>. But concerning <n>[God’s]</n> select people, these Jews became <n>[God’s]</n> dearly loved ones for the sake of their forefathers <n>[i.e., who believed God’s promises regarding their descendants]</n>.


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For you Gentiles were disobedient to God in the past, but now you have obtained <n>[God’s]</n> mercy by means of the disobedience of the Jews.


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So, now these <n>[same]</n> Jews have also been disobedient <n>[to God]</n>, so that they may also now obtain <n>[God’s]</n> mercy by means of the mercy <n>[He has]</n> shown to you <n>[Gentiles]</n>.


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For God has made all people prisoners of a disobedient life, so that He could show mercy to everyone.


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O, how deep is the richness of God’s wisdom and knowledge! How difficult <n>[it is for us]</n> to explain His judgments and how impossible <n>[for us]</n> to accurately track how He operates!


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<n>[Note: The following are rhetorical questions raised from their reading of the Old Testament]</n>. For who has known <n>[what goes on in]</n> the Lord’s mind? Or, who has been His advisor?


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For everything was created by Him, exists through His <n>[power]</n> and is intended for His <n>[glory]</n>. May He be praised forever. May it be so.


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So, I urge you, brothers, because God is so merciful <n>[to us]</n>, to offer your bodies as a living sacrifice, <n>[fully]</n> dedicated and very pleasing to God. For this is a reasonable <n>[or spiritual]</n> way for you to worship <n>[or serve]</n> Him.


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And you people must not be conformed to <n>[the values and standards of]</n> this age, but you should become transformed <n>[i.e., changed in attitude and action]</n> by having your mind renewed <n>[i.e., to think in a totally different way]</n>. Then you will be able to determine <n>[and practice]</n> God’s will, the thing that is good, and acceptable and perfect.


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And because of God’s unearned favor shown to me <n>[i.e., in appointing me to be an apostle]</n>, I am telling every person among you not to think he is more important than he really is. Instead, he should have a sensible estimate <n>[of his gifts]</n> in harmony with the degree of faith God has given to each person.


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For there are many parts to a single human body and all of these parts do not have the same function.


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In the same way, though we <n>[Christians]</n> are many, we are one <n>[spiritual]</n> body in <n>[fellowship with]</n> Christ, and each one of us is part of <n>[all]</n> the others.


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And we <n>[all]</n> have different gifts, in harmony with the unearned favor <n>[God has]</n> shown us. If our gift is the ability to prophesy <n>[i.e., to speak for God]</n>, we should make use of this gift in harmony with the amount of faith we have.


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Or, if our gift is serving, we should devote ourselves to rendering service. Or, if our gift is teaching, we should devote ourselves to teaching.


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Or, if our gift is encouraging others, we should devote ourselves to encouraging. Or, if our gift is sharing with others, we should do so generously. Or, if our gift is leading others, we should do so diligently. Or, if our gift is showing caring concern for others, we should do it cheerfully.


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In your love for your brothers, show tender affection toward one another. Try to outdo one another in showing respect <n>[for each other]</n>.


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Be enthusiastic instead of lazy. Be fervent in your spirit <n>[Note: Some translators take “spirit” here to refer to the “Holy Spirit”]</n>, <n>[as you]</n> serve the Lord.


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Be joyful as you hope <n>[i.e., for future blessings]</n>. Persevere in spite of the troubles you experience. Continue steadfastly in prayer.


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Be happy with those who are joyful. Cry with those who are sad.Romans 12:16 Have the same <n>[good]</n> thoughts toward one another. Do not <n>[always]</n> be thinking you are a “big shot,” but lower yourself to accept humble tasks <n>[or, humble people]</n>. Do not think you are so smart.


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Do not <n>[try to]</n> pay back a wrong done to you by doing something wrong to the other person. Think about how to live honorably in front of all people.


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Do not take revenge on someone who has wronged you, but leave it up to God’s wrath <n>[to take care of it]</n>, for it is written <n>[Deut. 22:35]</n>, “The Lord says, I will pay people back <n>[for doing wrong]</n> because taking revenge belongs to me.”


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But <n>[Prov. 25:21-25 says]</n>, “Feed your enemy if he is hungry; give him something to drink if he is thirsty. For when you do this, it will be <n>[like]</n> heaping burning coals on his head.” <n>[i.e., it can cause him burning shame that can lead to his repentance and ultimate forgiveness]</n>.


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<n>[So]</n>, do not be conquered by evil, but <n>[instead]</n> conquer evil by doing good <n>[deeds to people]</n>.


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Every person must be submissive to the ruling authorities, for all authorities come from God. And the existence of authorities has been established by God.


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Therefore, the person who resists <n>[these]</n> authorities is opposing what God has ordained. And those who oppose <n>[these authorities]</n> will bring judgment on themselves.


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For <n>[our]</n> rulers are not a threat to <n>[the person doing]</n> a good deed, but to <n>[the person doing]</n> an evil one. So, do you want to avoid having to be afraid of the authorities? Then do what is good and you will be commended by them <n>[generally]</n>.


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For they are servants of God for your good. But you should be afraid if you do what is evil, because they do not carry the sword <n>[i.e., for executing criminals]</n> for nothing. For they are servants of God who take revenge <n>[on wrongdoing]</n> by punishing the person who does evil.


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Therefore, you must submit <n>[to the authorities]</n>, not only because of <n>[the threat of]</n> punishment, but also for the sake of <n>[your]</n> conscience.


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This is the reason why you should pay taxes also. For the authorities are God’s servants who continually tend to this matter <n>[i.e., of collecting taxes]</n>.


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<n>[So]</n>, pay everyone what you owe them; pay taxes to the tax collector; pay revenue to the revenue collector; show respect to the one deserving it; give honor to the one deserving it.


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Do not owe anything to anyone, except to love one another. For the person who loves others has fulfilled <n>[the requirements of]</n> the law.


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For <n>[the commandments are: Ex. 20:13ff]</n>, “You must not be sexually unfaithful to your mate. You must not murder. You must not steal. You must not have a strong desire for what belongs to someone else.” These and any other commandments are summed up in these words; “You must love your neighbor the same as you love yourself.”


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If you love your neighbor, you will not do anything wrong to him. So, to love people is the way to fulfill <n>[the requirements of]</n> the law <n>[See Matt. 22:39]</n>.


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Now this <n>[is another reason for observing the law of love]</n>: You should know that it is about time to wake up out of your <n>[spiritual]</n> sleep, because <n>[the day of our final]</n> salvation is now nearer to us than when we first believed <n>[in Christ]</n>.


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The night is almost over and the day is near. So, we should stop doing the deeds of darkness <n>[i.e., sinful things]</n> and we should arm ourselves with the weapons of light <n>[i.e., virtues for right living]</n>.


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We should be living properly, as in the daytime <n>[i.e., when people normally behave themselves]</n>, not engaging in orgies and drunkenness; not practicing sexual immorality and indecent vices; not quarrelsome and jealous.


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But clothe yourselves with the Lord Jesus Christ and do not make any plans for satisfying the strong desires of your flesh <n>[i.e., your appetites for sinful pleasures]</n>.


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But you should welcome <n>[into your fellowship]</n> the person whose faith is weak, and not argue <n>[with him]</n> over questionable matters.


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One person has enough faith that allows him to eat anything <n>[i.e., without it bothering his conscience that the food, such as animal meat, was used in an idolatrous worship ceremony]</n>. But the weak person can eat only vegetables <n>[conscientiously]</n>.


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The person who can eat anything should not look down on the person who cannot eat <n>[what was used in idolatrous worship]</n>; and the person who cannot eat <n>[such things]</n> should not pass judgment on the person who can. For God accepts that person, too.


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Who <n>[do you think]</n> you are, to pass judgment on someone else’s household servant? He stands <n>[approved]</n> or falls <n>[into disapproval]</n> before his own Master <n>[only]</n>. Yes, <n>[surely]</n> he will stand <n>[approved]</n>, for the Lord is capable of helping him to stand.


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One person regards a certain day as more important than another; the next person regards every day alike. Each person should be fully convinced in his own mind <n>[i.e., concerning their relative importance]</n>.


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The person who observes a certain day <n>[as specially sacred]</n>, does so out of devotion to the Lord. And the person who eats <n>[only certain foods]</n> does so out of devotion to the Lord, for he is thankful to God <n>[for what he eats]</n>. And the person who refuses to eat <n>[certain foods]</n>, does so out of devotion to the Lord and he is thankful to God <n>[for what he does eat]</n>.


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For none of us lives for his own benefit <n>[only]</n>, and none of us dies for his own benefit <n>[only]</n>.


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For if we live, it is for the Lord’s <n>[honor]</n>; or if we die, it is for the Lord’s <n>[honor]</n>. So, whether we live or die, we belong to the Lord.


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For this is the reason that Christ died and <n>[now]</n> lives again, so that He could be Lord of both those who have <n>[already]</n> died and those who are <n>[still]</n> alive.


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But why do you <n>[who eat only certain foods]</n> condemn your brother <n>[who feels he can eat anything]</n>? Or, indeed, why do you <n>[i.e., who feels he can eat anything]</n> look down on your brother <n>[i.e., who eats only certain foods]</n>? For all of us will have to stand before the judgment bar of God.


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For it is written <n>[Isa. 45:23]</n>, “As surely as I am the living God, says the Lord, everyone’s knee will bow before me, and everyone’s mouth will confess to <n>[or, praise]</n> God.”


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So then, every one of us <n>[i.e., including Christians]</n> will have to give an account of himself to God.


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So, we should stop judging one another any more. But instead, you people should determine not to put anything in your brother’s way <n>[to cause him]</n> to trip or fall <n>[away from God]</n>.


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As one who is in <n>[fellowship with]</n> the Lord Jesus, I am fully convinced that nothing in itself is <n>[ceremonially]</n> unclean. But to the person who considers something <n>[ceremonially]</n> unclean, it then becomes unclean to him.


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For if your brother is hurt <n>[spiritually]</n> by <n>[your eating certain]</n> food, you are no longer acting lovingly <n>[toward him]</n>. Do not destroy <n>[spiritually]</n> the person Christ died for by what you eat.


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Do not allow what you consider good to be spoken against <n>[i.e., the exercise of a liberty by the strong to eat anything must not become the occasion of criticism by the weak]</n>.


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For God’s kingdom is not a matter of what people eat or drink, but <n>[instead, it is a matter]</n> of doing what is right, having peace <n>[of heart]</n> and having <n>[inner]</n> joy, which come from the Holy Spirit.


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For the person who serves Christ with these qualities is very pleasing to God and wins the approval of people.


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So then, let us pursue such things that produce peace and things that build one another up <n>[spiritually]</n>.


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Do not destroy God’s work <n>[i.e., someone’s life]</n> for the sake of something to eat. All foods are truly clean <n>[ceremonially]</n>; however, it is wrong for a person to eat something when it causes another person to fall <n>[away from God]</n>.


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<n>[So]</n>, it is better <n>[for you]</n> not to eat bread, nor to drink wine, nor to do anything <n>[else]</n> that could cause your brother to fall <n>[away from God]</n>.


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Therefore, whatever you believe about this matter should be held between you and God. That person is happy who does not condemn himself for practicing something he believes is right.


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But the person who has doubts about eating <n>[a certain food]</n> is self-condemned if he <n>[goes ahead and]</n> eats it, because his action is not based on faith <n>[i.e., if he lacks the conviction that he is doing what is right]</n>. And whatever is not done with such a conviction is a sin.


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Now those of us who are strong <n>[spiritually]</n> should put up with <n>[or, help]</n> the failings of <n>[spiritually]</n> weak people, and not <n>[simply]</n> do what pleases ourselves.


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<n>[Instead]</n>, each of us should do what pleases his neighbor in order to accomplish something good and uplifting <n>[in his life]</n>.


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For even Christ did not please <n>[just]</n> Himself, but as it is written <n>[Psa. 69:9]</n>, “The insults of those people who insulted you <n>[i.e., God]</n> fell on me <n>[i.e., Christ]</n>.”


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For whatever things were written previously <n>[i.e., in the Old Testament]</n>, were intended for us to learn from, so that we could have hope <n>[i.e., in the face of difficult times]</n> through remaining steadfast, and through the encouragement <n>[received]</n> from reading the Scriptures.


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May God <n>[who is the source]</n> of steadfastness and encouragement, give you <n>[a sense of]</n> like-mindedness among yourselves, in harmony with <n>[the example of]</n> Christ Jesus,


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so that in <n>[genuine]</n> unity and with one voice, you people may honor the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ.


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So, welcome one another, just as Christ has welcomed you <n>[or, “us”]</n>, as a way of honoring God.


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For I tell you that Christ was <n>[appointed]</n> to be a servant of the circumcised ones <n>[i.e., the Jews]</n>, in order to uphold the truth of God. This was so He could confirm <n>[as valid]</n> the promises made to our forefathers,


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and so that the Gentiles <n>[also]</n> may honor God for His mercy, as it is written <n>[Psa. 18:49]</n>, “Therefore, I will praise you among the Gentiles and sing to your name.” <n>[Note: Paul here accommodates the words of King David by applying them to Jews participating with Gentiles in praising God as part of the one body]</n>.


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And again it says <n>[Deut. 32:43]</n>, “Rejoice with His people <n>[i.e., the Jews]</n>, you Gentiles.”


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And again <n>[Psa. 117:1]</n>, “Praise the Lord, all of you Gentiles, and let all the nations praise Him.”


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And again, Isaiah says <n>[ 11:10]</n>, “A root <n>[i.e., a descendant]</n> from Jesse will appear <n>[i.e., Christ]</n>, and He will rise up to rule over the nations, and the Gentiles will place their hope in Him.”


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May God, <n>[the source]</n> of hope, fill you with complete joy and peace as you believe <n>[in Christ]</n>, so that you may have an abundance of hope in the power of the Holy Spirit.


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And I, myself, am convinced about you, my brothers, that you yourselves are full of goodness, and have been filled with all kinds of knowledge and are capable of counseling one another.


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But I have written to you quite boldly in some places to remind you <n>[of certain things]</n>, because of the favor shown to me by God,


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in appointing me to be a minister of Christ Jesus to the Gentiles. I am serving like a priest in preaching God’s good news, so that the Gentiles might be like an acceptable sacrifice <n>[to God]</n>, dedicated by the Holy Spirit.


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For I will not dare to speak about anything, except what Christ has done through me in bringing about the obedience of the Gentiles. He accomplished this by my message and my deeds,


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in the power demonstrated by <n>[miraculous]</n> signs and wonders, <n>[produced]</n> by the power of the Holy Spirit. So, I have completed preaching the good news about Christ from Jerusalem, all the way around <n>[the area]</n> to Illyricum <n>[Note: This country was located northwest of Greece and in present-day Croatia]</n>.


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Now it has been my ambition to preach the good news at places where Christ’s name has never been heard, so that I would not be building on someone else’s foundation.


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But, as it is written <n>[Isa. 52:15]</n>, “Those people who had not been told about Him will see <n>[the truth]</n>, and those who have not heard <n>[the message]</n> will understand <n>[it]</n>.” <n>[Note: Paul here applies a Messianic prediction to his ambition of doing pioneer evangelism]</n>.


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But now, since I do not have any more <n>[new]</n> places <n>[to preach]</n> in this area, and have been wanting to visit you for many years,


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I am hoping to see you when I travel to Spain. And I also hope to receive help from you in getting there <n>[i.e., to Spain]</n>, after enjoying a brief visit with you.


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But for now, I am on my way to Jerusalem to minister to <n>[the needs of]</n> God’s holy people there.


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For <n>[the Christians in]</n> Macedonia and Achaia <n>[Note: These were provinces in Greece]</n> thought it was a good idea to take up an offering for the poor saints at Jerusalem.


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For they thought it was a good idea, and <n>[besides]</n> they were indebted to those Jewish Christians. For if the Gentiles <n>[have]</n> shared in the spiritual blessings of the Jews, <n>[then]</n> they owe it to those Jews to help meet their material needs.


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So, when I have completed this task, and have guaranteed <n>[the safe delivery of]</n> this offering to them, I will visit you on my way to Spain.


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And I know that when I arrive there <n>[in Rome]</n>, I will be coming with an abundance of Christ’s blessings <n>[to give to you. See 1:11-12]</n>.


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Now I urge you, brothers, through our Lord Jesus Christ <n>[See 12:1]</n>, and through the Holy Spirit’s love <n>[in us]</n>, that you people join me in fervently praying to God for me


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to be rescued from those who are disobedient in Judea <n>[i.e., unbelieving Jews]</n>. And <n>[pray]</n> that my service for Jerusalem <n>[i.e., the offering for poor people. See verses 25-26]</n> will be acceptable to God’s people there.


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And pray that I will <n>[be able to]</n> come to you joyfully, if it is God’s will, and have a refreshing visit with you.


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I recommend to you our sister Phoebe, who is a servant of the church at Cenchrea. <n>[Note: This was a seaport town about seven miles east of Corinth]</n>.


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Welcome her <n>[as someone to fellowship]</n> in the Lord, in a way that God’s people should. And you people should help her in whatever way she needs you, for she herself has helped many people, including me.


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I send greetings to Priscilla and Aquila, my fellow-workers in <n>[the service of]</n> Christ Jesus.


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They risked their own lives for me, so not only I, but also all the Gentile churches <n>[i.e., people converted from among the Gentiles]</n> are grateful to them <n>[for this]</n>.


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I also send greetings to the church that meets in their house. Greetings to my dear friend Epenetus, who was the first convert to Christ in Asia <n>[Note: This was a province in the western part of present-day Turkey]</n>.


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Greetings to Andronicus and Junias, my fellow-Jews <n>[or possibly actual relatives]</n> who were in prison with me. These <n>[men]</n> are considered outstanding by the apostles, and were Christians before I was <n>[converted]</n>.


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Greetings to Urbanus, our fellow-worker in <n>[the service of]</n> Christ, and my dear friend Stachys.


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Greetings to Apelles, <n>[who was tested and]</n> approved in <n>[the service of]</n> Christ. Greetings to members of the family of Aristobulus.


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Greetings to Herodion, my fellow-Jew. <n>[See verse 7]</n>. Greetings to those members of the family of Narcissus who are Christians.


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Greetings to Tryphena and Tryphosa, who are workers in <n>[the service of]</n> the Lord and to Persis, my dear friend who worked hard in <n>[the service of]</n> the Lord.


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Greetings to Rufus, an outstanding servant in <n>[the service of]</n> the Lord, and his mother, who has been a mother to me also.


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Greetings to Asyncritus, Phlegon, Hermes, Patrobas, Hermas and the <n>[other]</n> brothers who are with them.


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Greetings to Philologus and Julia, Nereus and his sister, and Olympas, and all <n>[the others]</n> of God’s people who are with them.


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Greet one another with a holy kiss <n>[i.e., to signify affection, yet without sensuality]</n>. All of the churches of Christ <n>[i.e., which Paul established or preached in]</n> send you their greetings.


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Now I urge you, brothers, watch out for those who are causing divisions and occasions for falling <n>[away from God over matters]</n> contrary to the teaching you have learned, and withdraw from them <n>[i.e., stop listening to their false teaching]</n>.


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For such men are not serving our Lord Christ but their own <n>[unspiritual]</n> appetites. They are deceiving the minds of innocent people by their smooth talk and flattering words.


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For everyone has heard about your obedience <n>[to the truth]</n>, and <n>[because of this]</n>, I am very happy over you. But I want you to be wise about what is good and innocent about what is evil.


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And the God, who brings peace, will soon crush Satan under your feet <n>[i.e., bring an end to the divisive work of the false teachers there]</n>. May the unearned favor of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you <n>[people]</n>.


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My fellow-worker Timothy sends his greetings to you, and so do my fellow-Jews Lucius, Jason and Sosipater. <n>[See verse 7]</n>.


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I am Tertius, who is writing this letter <n>[for Paul]</n>, and I send you my greetings in <n>[the fellowship of]</n> the Lord.


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Gaius, who is hosting me <n>[i.e., Paul]</n> and the whole church <n>[here]</n>, sends you his greetings. <n>[Note: This was probably the Gaius who lived in Corinth (I Cor. 1:14) and was apparently both wealthy and generous]</n>. Erastus, the city treasurer <n>[of Corinth]</n> sends his greetings to you, along with our brother Quartus.


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Now may there be glory for ever, through Jesus Christ, to the only wise God, who is able to make you stand firm <n>[in the faith]</n>, according to the good news and proclamation of Jesus Christ. This message is the secret which was <n>[eventually]</n> revealed, after having been concealed for long ages. It is now being made known through the writings of the prophets, as commanded by the eternal God, to <n>[people of]</n> all the nations, in order to bring about their obedience to the faith <n>[i.e., so they will believe and obey the truth]</n>. May it be so.


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<n>[This letter is from]</n> Paul, who was called by the will of God to be an apostle of Jesus Christ, and <n>[from]</n> our brother Sosthenes;


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<n>[it is being sent]</n> to the church of God at Corinth. <n>[You people are]</n> set apart in <n>[the fellowship of]</n> Christ Jesus and called <n>[by God]</n> to be saints <n>[i.e., His holy people]</n>, along with all <n>[others]</n> everywhere who call on our Lord Jesus Christ <n>[i.e., in prayer]</n>. He is their Lord and ours <n>[as well]</n>.


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I always thank God for you, <n>[especially]</n> for God’s unearned favor that was given to you <n>[in providing salvation and blessings]</n> in Christ Jesus.


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For in <n>[fellowship with]</n> Him you people have been made <n>[spiritually]</n> rich in every way, through all <n>[kinds of]</n> speech and knowledge <n>[Note: This probably refers to the communication and comprehension of truth represented by the spiritual gifts of languages and revelation]</n>.


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The message about Christ has become firmly established there among you <n>[i.e., by such gifts]</n>,


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so that you are not lacking in any <n>[spiritual]</n> gift, while you wait for our Lord Jesus Christ to be revealed <n>[i.e., at His second coming]</n>.


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He will also make you stand firm <n>[in the faith]</n> to the end <n>[of your lives]</n>, so that you will be <n>[considered]</n> without just blame on the day when our Lord Jesus Christ <n>[returns]</n>


text:
God is faithful <n>[i.e., He will continue working among you]</n> and it is through Him that you were called into the fellowship of His Son Jesus Christ our Lord.


text:
Now I urge you, brothers, through the name <n>[i.e., by the authority]</n> of our Lord Jesus Christ, that you should all agree in what you say, so that no divisions <n>[continue]</n> among you. Be restored <n>[to unity]</n> by having common thoughts and convictions <n>[i.e., in spiritual matters]</n>


text:
For it has been reported to me about you, my brothers, by some of Chloe’s family, that there is quarreling <n>[going on]</n> among you.


text:
Now this is what I mean: Each of you is saying, “I am a follower of Paul,” and another “I am a follower of Apollos,” and another “I am a follower of Cephas <n>[i.e., Peter]</n>,” and another “I am a follower of Christ.”


text:
(Oh, yes, I also immersed the family of Stephanas. Besides these, I do not remember immersing anyone else).


text:
For Christ did not send me to immerse people, but to preach the good news. <n>[Note: Christ specifically commissioned Paul to preach; most of the immersing was done by his attendants]</n>. It was not to be done with words of <n>[human]</n> wisdom, so that the <n>[message of the]</n> cross of Christ would not have its power taken away.


text:
For the message of <n>[Christ dying on]</n> the cross is foolishness to those who are perishing <n>[i.e., in a lost state]</n>, but it is God’s power to us who are being saved.


text:
For it is written <n>[Isa. 29:14]</n>, “I <n>[i.e., God]</n> will destroy the wisdom of wise people, and will set aside <n>[i.e., hinder]</n> the understanding of intelligent people.”


text:
Where is the wise person? And where is the expert in the law? <n>[And]</n> where is the debater of this world?


text:
For since, according to God’s <n>[true]</n> wisdom, the world did not know about Him through its wisdom, God was pleased to save those who believe <n>[in Christ]</n> through the “foolishness” of the message preached.


text:
Now Jews ask for <n>[miraculous]</n> signs and Greeks <n>[i.e., Gentiles]</n> are looking for wisdom,


text:
but we <n>[apostles]</n> preach that Christ was crucified <n>[for our sins]</n>. This message is offensive to Jews and foolishness to <n>[unconverted]</n> Gentiles.


text:
But to those who are called <n>[by God to be saved]</n>, both Jews and Gentiles, <n>[the message of]</n> Christ is the power of God <n>[See Rom. 1:16]</n> and the wisdom of God. <n>[See 1:30]</n>.


text:
For the “foolish things” of God are wiser than men’s <n>[wisdom]</n>, and the “weakness” of God is stronger than men’s <n>[strength]</n>.


text:
Now consider how you were when you were called, brothers. Not many of you were wise by human standards; not many were influential; not many were from prominent families.


text:
But God chose what the world considers foolish <n>[i.e., people with little apparent ability]</n>, in order to shame the “wise people.” And He chose what the world considers weak in order to shame what it considers strong.


text:
And He chose what the world considers insignificant and contemptible, and <n>[even]</n> what it considers “nothing,” in order to nullify what appears to be something.


text:
But God brought you into <n>[fellowship with]</n> Christ Jesus, who was made to be God’s wisdom for us. Through Christ you have received a right relationship with God, <n>[as well as]</n> holiness and redemption <n>[i.e., being bought back from Satan]</n>.


text:
So, as it is written <n>[Jer. 9:23f]</n>, “The person who <n>[wants to]</n> boast, let him boast about the Lord.”


text:
And when I came to you, brothers, it was not with eloquent words or<n>[superior]</n> wisdom that I proclaimed to you the testimony <n>[or, mystery]</n> about God.


text:
For I have decided not to know anything <n>[while]</n> among you, except Jesus Christ and His being crucified.


text:
And I was weak, apprehensive and fearful when I was <n>[there]</n> with you <n>[Note: This probably refers to Paul’s sense of inadequacy in view of the task before him]</n>.


text:
And I did not use persuasive words of <n>[human]</n> wisdom in my message and preaching, but they were <n>[accompanied by]</n> a demonstration of the Holy Spirit and power <n>[from God]</n>. <n>[Note: This “demonstration” could have included the evidence of miraculous spiritual gifts which Paul utilized while there in Corinth. See 14:18]</n>.


text:
However, we speak <n>[divine]</n> wisdom among people who are <n>[spiritually]</n> mature, yet it is not the wisdom of this current age, nor of <n>[its]</n> current rulers, who are coming to nothing.


text:
But we <n>[apostles]</n> speak God’s secret wisdom, which has been hidden <n>[through the ages]</n>, which God predetermined for our honor before time began.


text:
None of the rulers of this age knew about this <n>[divine]</n> wisdom, for if they had <n>[known it]</n>, they would not have crucified the glorious Lord <n>[i.e., Jesus]</n>.


text:
But as it is written <n>[Isa. 64:4]</n>, “The things which no eye saw or ear heard, and which did not <n>[even]</n> enter the mind of men, is what God has prepared for those who love Him.”


text:
But God has revealed <n>[to us]</n> these things <n>[i.e., His divine wisdom. See verses 7-8]</n> through the Holy Spirit. For the Holy Spirit searches everything, even the deep things of God.


text:
For what person knows the thoughts of a man except that man’s <n>[own]</n> spirit which is in him? In the same way, no one knows the thoughts of God except God’s Holy Spirit.


text:
But we <n>[apostles]</n> did not receive the spirit of the world <n>[i.e., human wisdom. See verse 6]</n>, but the Holy Spirit from God, so that we could understand what was freely given to us from God <n>[i.e., the gift of inspiration. See verses 9-10]</n>.


text:
These also are the things we <n>[apostles]</n> speak, not in words taught by human wisdom, but <n>[in words]</n> taught by the Holy Spirit. We use <n>[or, combine]</n> Spirit-taught words to express <n>[or, with]</n> Spirit-given truth.


text:
Now the natural person <n>[Note: Since this person is contrasted with the spiritual person of verse 15, it is taken here to mean the person without the Holy Spirit]</n> does not receive the things <n>[i.e., truths]</n> revealed by the Holy Spirit of God, because they are <n>[considered]</n> foolishness to him. And he cannot understand them because they must be discerned by using spiritual judgment <n>[i.e., judgment aided by the Holy Spirit]</n>.


text:
But the spiritual person <n>[i.e., one who has the Holy Spirit]</n> is able to discern all things <n>[i.e., has the ability to make right judgments about things]</n>, and he himself <n>[i.e., his conduct]</n> cannot be <n>[critically]</n> discerned by any <n>[unbelieving]</n> man.


text:
<n>[Isa. 40:13 says]</n>, “For who knows <n>[what is in]</n> the Lord’s mind? And who is capable of instructing Him?” But we have the mind of Christ. <n>[Note: The “we” may refer to the apostles, who had the gift of inspiration (See verse 12), or to all Christians who have spiritual discernment]</n>


text:
And I could not speak to you, brothers, as I would to spiritual people, but <n>[I have to speak to you]</n> as I would to worldly people, for you are immature children in <n>[the fellowship of]</n> Christ.


text:
For I fed you with milk, not with solid food <n>[i.e., with basic fundamentals instead of more advanced teaching. See Heb. 5:12-13]</n> because you were not able to absorb it,


text:
for you are still worldly <n>[minded]</n>. And since there is jealousy and quarreling among you, is that not evidence that you are <n>[still]</n> worldly and living like <n>[unspiritual]</n> people?


text:
For when one of you says, “I am a follower of Paul,” and another says, “I am a follower of Apollos,” are you not <n>[acting like worldly]</n> people?


text:
After all, who is Apollos? And who is Paul? They are <n>[only]</n> servants through whom you believed <n>[in Christ]</n>, with each one doing what the Lord gave him to do.


text:
I <n>[Paul]</n> planted <n>[i.e., preached God’s word]</n>, Apollos watered <n>[it]</n>, but God made it grow.


text:
So then, it does not matter who plants or who waters, but <n>[it is]</n> God who matters, for He makes the seed grow.


text:
Now the person who plants and the person who waters have the same <n>[purpose]</n>, and each one will receive his own wages, according to the work each one does.


text:
For we are all fellow-workers in God’s service; you people are God’s farm land; <n>[you are]</n> God’s building.


text:
Using the unearned favor shown to me by God <n>[Note: Paul here probably refers to his apostleship and its attending spiritual gifts]</n>, as an expert building contractor, I laid the foundation <n>[i.e., in starting the Corinthian church]</n>, and someone else is building on it <n>[i.e., Apollos. See verse 6]</n>.


text:
For no one can lay <n>[any]</n> other foundation than the one which <n>[God]</n> has <n>[already]</n> lain, which is Jesus Christ.


text:
But if anyone <n>[i.e., a preacher or soul winner]</n> builds on this foundation with gold, silver, expensive building stones, wood, grass, or straw,


text:
<n>[the quality of]</n> each person’s work will become evident <n>[i.e., for what is it made of]</n>. For the <n>[judgment]</n> day will expose his workmanship. And it will be revealed by the fire <n>[of judgment]</n>, which will test the quality of a person’s workmanship <n>[i.e., the faithfulness of his converts]</n>.


text:
If the work of anyone lasts <n>[i.e., if his converts are judged faithful]</n>, he will receive a reward <n>[i.e., his converts will constitute part of his reward]</n>.


text:
But if anyone’s work is burned up <n>[i.e., does not survive the judgment]</n>, he will experience loss <n>[i.e., of his converts]</n>, but he himself will <n>[still]</n> be saved, like a person escaping from the fire <n>[i.e., of a burning building, which consumes his efforts]</n>.


text:
Do you people not know that you are God’s Temple <n>[i.e., the church. See I Pet. 2:5; I Tim. 3:15]</n>, and that the Holy Spirit of God lives in you <n>[i.e., collectively]</n>?


text:
If any person destroys God’s Temple, God will destroy him. For God’s Temple is holy <n>[i.e., set apart for His service]</n>, and you people are His <n>[holy]</n> Temple.


text:
No one should fool himself. If any person among you thinks he is smart, by human standards, he should become a “fool,” so that he can become <n>[really]</n> wise.


text:
For this world’s “wisdom” is foolishness to God. For it is written <n>[Job 5:13]</n>, “He <n>[i.e., God]</n> catches wise people in their cleverness.”


text:
And again, it says <n>[Psa. 94:11]</n>, “The Lord knows that the thoughts of ‘wise people’ are worthless.”


text:
So, no one should boast about <n>[the knowledge or position of]</n> people. For all things belong to you,


text:
including Paul, and Apollos, and Cephas <n>[i.e., Peter]</n>, and the world, and life and death, and present and future things. All of these things are yours. <n>[Note: Paul is showing that, as Christians, they really possessed and should value all preachers and circumstances of life alike]</n>.


text:
So, a person should look at us as servants of Christ and property managers entrusted with the secret truths of God.


text:
But it is a small matter for me to be judged by you or by any human court, for I do not <n>[even]</n> judge myself <n>[to be wrong]</n>.


text:
For I am not aware of anything <n>[wrong]</n> against myself, but that does not make me right. But the One who judges me is the Lord.


text:
So, do not judge anything until the appointed time, when the Lord returns <n>[i.e., to do the judging]</n> He will both shed light on the hidden things done in the dark and make known the motives of people’s hearts. Then each person <n>[i.e., who deserves it]</n> will receive praise from God.


text:
Now I have applied these things, brothers, to myself and to Apollos as an illustration for your benefit, so that you might learn to “follow the written message.” <n>[Note: This is thought to have been a common way of referring, in that day, to the importance of adhering to Old Testament Scripture]</n>. So, none of you should be more proud of one <n>[leader]</n> than of another.


text:
For who makes you different <n>[from each other]</n>? <n>[i.e., with some being viewed as superior and others inferior]</n> And what do you have that you did not receive <n>[from God]</n>? But if you received it <n>[from Him]</n>, then why do you boast as though you did not <n>[receive it as a gift]</n>?


text:
<n>[Now]</n> you already have all you want! You have already become wealthy! You have begun to rule as kings without our help! How I wish that you had <n>[really]</n> begun to rule as kings, so that we also could rule with you!


text:
For I think that God has displayed us apostles last in line, as men doomed to die. <n>[Note: The picture here is that of gladiators in the arena]</n>. We are being stared at <n>[i.e., as performers on a theater stage]</n> for the whole world to see, both angels and people.


text:
We are “fools” for Christ’s sake, but you people <n>[think you]</n> are “wise” in <n>[the fellowship of]</n> Christ. We are weak, but you people <n>[think you]</n> are “strong.” You are honored, but we are despised.


text:
Even to this moment, we <n>[apostles]</n> are hungry and thirsty; we have inadequate clothing; we have been beaten; we do not have a permanent place to live;


text:
we work hard with our hands. <n>[Though]</n> we are cursed, we <n>[ask God’s]</n> blessing <n>[on people]</n>; <n>[though]</n> we are persecuted, we persevere;


text:
<n>[though]</n> we are slandered, we reply kindly. We have become <n>[like]</n> the scum of the earth, the dregs of all society, to this day.


text:
For although you have ten thousand guardians <n>[Note: This word means someone who transported a child to his teacher]</n> in <n>[the fellowship of]</n> Christ, you do not have many <n>[spiritual]</n> fathers. For I <n>[spiritually]</n> conceived you people through <n>[preaching to you]</n> the good news <n>[about Christ]</n>. <n>[Note: Paul here refers to his work in establishing the church at Corinth]</n>.


text:
This is the reason that I am sending Timothy to you. He is my dearly loved and faithful <n>[spiritual]</n> son in <n>[the service of]</n> the Lord, and he will remind you of my ways <n>[i.e., my teaching and conduct]</n> which are in <n>[the service of]</n> Christ. I teach these things in every congregation wherever <n>[I go]</n>.


text:
But I will come to you soon, if the Lord wants me to. Then I will determine not <n>[only]</n> what these arrogant people are saying, but how much power they have.


text:
Which do you <n>[really]</n> want? Shall I come to you with a rod <n>[of discipline]</n>, or lovingly, and with a spirit of gentleness?


text:
It has actually been reported <n>[to me]</n> that there is a case of sexual immorality among you that is unheard of, even among the <n>[unconverted]</n> Gentiles. One of you is having sex with his stepmother.


text:
And you are arrogant <n>[about it]</n> instead <n>[of being ashamed]</n> Should you not be grieved to the point of removing from your fellowship the person who has done this <n>[terrible]</n> deed?


text:
For although physically absent <n>[from you]</n>, I am truly present with you in spirit and have already judged the person who did this <n>[terrible]</n> thing, just as if I were there <n>[in person]</n>.


text:
<n>[I command you]</n>, when you people are assembled together, with my spirit <n>[also present]</n>, in the name <n>[i.e., by the authority]</n> and power of our Lord Jesus,


text:
to turn such a person over to Satan for his body to be destroyed <n>[Note: This probably refers to his removal from their fellowship. See verse 2]</n>, in order for his spirit to be saved in the day of the Lord <n>[i.e., the judgment day]</n>. <n>[Note: This implies that his removal from their fellowship will have produced a genuine repentance before that time]</n>.


text:
Get rid of the old yeast <n>[i.e., of sin, and especially the unrepentant sinner]</n>, so that you can be a new batch of dough, without yeast in it <n>[i.e., a godly church without unrepentant sinners in it]</n> as <n>[I know]</n> you really are. For our Passover <n>[Lamb]</n>, Christ, has already been sacrificed.


text:
So, we should observe the Festival <n>[i.e., live the Christian life]</n>, but not with the old yeast <n>[i.e., old sinful ways]</n>, such as the leavening <n>[effect]</n> of evil and wickedness, but with the unleavened bread of sincerity and truth.


text:
I did not mean the sexually immoral people of this world, or with greedy people and swindlers, or with idolaters. For <n>[to do this]</n> you would have to go out of the world. <n>[Note: If taken literally, this implies that there are no sinful people outside our planet]</n>.


text:
But I wrote to you not to associate with anyone claiming to be a <n>[Christian]</n> brother who is <n>[guilty of being]</n> sexually immoral, or greedy, or an idolater, or who speaks abusively, or a drunkard, or a swindler. Do not even eat <n>[a social meal]</n> with such a person.


text:
For what business is it of mine to judge outsiders? <n>[i.e., non-Christians]</n>; God judges them. But should you not judge those people who are inside? <n>[i.e., Christians]</n>. <n>[So]</n>, remove the evil person from your fellowship <n>[See Deut. 17:7]</n>.


text:
If any one of you has a complaint against someone, how can you dare to take it before non-Christian judges <n>[to be decided]</n>, instead of before the saints <n>[i.e., God’s holy people]</n>?


text:
Or, do you not know that God’s people will judge the world? <n>[Note: Possibly this refers to Christians somehow assisting Christ on the judgment day]</n>. And if the world is <n>[to be]</n> judged by you <n>[at that time]</n>, are you not capable of judging small matters <n>[now]</n>?


text:
Do you not know that we will judge <n>[even]</n> angels? <n>[And if so]</n>, then how much more <n>[must we judge]</n> the things of this life!


text:
So then, if you have cases <n>[or, courts]</n> for deciding matters of this life, do you appoint <n>[as judges]</n> those who have no standing in the church? <n>[i.e., heathens]</n>. <n>[Note: This difficult passage may also be taken as a statement, using sarcasm, “you appoint as judges...”]</n>.


text:
I am saying this to make you ashamed. Can there not be found one wise person <n>[there]</n> among you who is able to decide <n>[on a matter]</n> between his <n>[Christian]</n> brothers?


text:
But <n>[instead]</n>, a brother goes to court against his brother, and that in front of an unbelieving <n>[judge]</n>!


text:
Indeed, the fact that you have lawsuits with one another is <n>[evidence of]</n> a complete failure among you. Why should you not rather take the wrong? Why should you not rather accept being cheated?


text:
But <n>[instead]</n>, you yourselves do the wrong and cheat <n>[others]</n>, and you do this to <n>[Christian]</n> brothers!


text:
Or, do you not know that evil people will not possess God’s kingdom? Do not be misled: neither will sexually immoral people, nor idolaters, nor those who are sexually unfaithful to their mates, nor homosexual perverts. <n>[Note: The Greek uses two words here, denoting both the passive and active partners in male homosexual acts]</n>.


text:
And neither will thieves, nor greedy people, nor drunkards, nor abusive talkers, nor swindlers possess God’s kingdom.


text:
And some of you have practiced such things, but you were washed <n>[i.e., from your sins. See Acts 22:16]</n>; you were dedicated <n>[i.e., set apart for God’s service]</n>; you were made right with God in the name <n>[i.e., by the authority]</n> of the Lord Jesus Christ, and by the Holy Spirit of our God.


text:
“Everything is permissible for me <n>[to do]</n>;” but not everything is profitable. <n>[Note: The words in quote marks in this and the following verse are thought to have been commonly held views of that day, to which Paul gives an inspired reply]</n>. “Everything is permissible for me <n>[to do]</n>;” but I will not be ruled by anything.


text:
“Food is for the stomach, and the stomach is for food;” but God will destroy both of them. Yet the body is not intended for sexual immorality, but is intended for the Lord’s <n>[honor and service]</n>; and the Lord is for the body’s <n>[benefit]</n>.


text:
Now God has both raised up the Lord <n>[Jesus]</n>, and will <n>[also]</n> raise us up <n>[from the dead]</n> through His power.


text:
Do you not know that your <n>[physical]</n> bodies are parts of <n>[the spiritual body of]</n> Christ? So, shall I take away parts of Christ’s <n>[spiritual]</n> body and join them to a prostitute’s body? Certainly not!


text:
Or, do you not know that the person who is joined to a prostitute is one body <n>[with her, physically]</n>? For God says <n>[Gen. 2:24]</n>, “The two will become one flesh” <n>[i.e., united in such a close relationship as to practically constitute one body]</n>


text:
But the person who is joined to the Lord is one spirit <n>[with Him]</n>. <n>[Note: Just as the person who has sex with someone enters a close physical union with that person, so the person who becomes a Christian enters a close spiritual union with Christ]</n>.


text:
Stay away from <n>[any involvement in]</n> sexual immorality. Every sin a person commits is outside <n>[the realm]</n> of his body; but the one who commits sexual immorality sins against his own body. <n>[Note: Possibly this means that sex, because it requires the deepest and most complete commitment of human involvement, becomes a unique sin when its true purpose and expression are violated]</n>.


text:
Or, do you not know that your <n>[physical]</n> body is a temple <n>[i.e., sanctuary]</n> for the Holy Spirit, who lives in you and who was given to you by God? You do not belong to yourselves,


text:
I now want to reply to the matters you people wrote me about. It is <n>[a]</n> good <n>[idea]</n> for a man not to get married. <n>[Note: The words “to get married” here are “to touch” in the Greek and probably refer to sexual relations within marriage. This advice, not a prohibition, is further explained in verses 26-35]</n>.


text:
But, because of so much sexual immorality, each man should have his own wife and each woman her own husband.


text:
The husband should fulfill his <n>[marital]</n> duty to his wife, and the wife should do the same thing for her husband.


text:
The wife does not have <n>[sole]</n> authority over her own <n>[physical]</n> body, but the husband <n>[also has his right to it]</n>. And in the same way, the husband also does not have <n>[sole]</n> authority over his own <n>[physical]</n> body, but the wife <n>[i.e., has her right to it, as well]</n>.


text:
Do not deprive each other <n>[of these marital rights]</n>, except by mutual agreement, so that you can spend the time in prayer. Then resume <n>[normal sexual]</n> relations again, so Satan is not able to tempt you <n>[i.e., to have an affair]</n> because of your lack of self-control.


text:
Yet I wish that everyone were like me <n>[i.e., with the ability to remain single. See 9:5]</n>. However, each person has his own special gift from God; one has this gift <n>[i.e., being content to remain single. See Matt. 19:12]</n>, and another has the other gift <n>[i.e., feeling the need to marry and have a family]</n>.


text:
Now to those people who are not married <n>[Note: This probably refers to all unmarried people, and not just to widowers, as some think]</n>, or who are widows, I say it is <n>[a]</n> good <n>[idea]</n> for them to remain like me <n>[i.e., single. See verse 7 and 9:5]</n>.


text:
But if they cannot control their <n>[sexual]</n> desires, they should get married, for it is better <n>[for them]</n> to marry than to burn <n>[i.e., with sexual lust which cannot be legitimately gratified]</n>.


text:
Now I command married people, although it is <n>[really]</n> the Lord’s command <n>[See. Mark 10:2-12]</n>: A wife should not separate from her husband. <n>[Note: This act implies the intention of pursuing a legal and permanent breach of the marriage relationship by divorce. “Separate” and “divorce” appear to be used interchangeably in this section. See verses 11-15]</n>.


text:
(But if she does separate <n>[from her husband]</n>, she should remain unmarried, or else <n>[attempt]</n> a reconciliation with her husband). And a husband should not divorce his wife.


text:
But I, not the Lord, say this to the rest of you <n>[Note: Paul now addresses the matter of mixed marriages, a circumstance Jesus never taught about]</n>: If any brother has a wife who is an unbeliever, and she agrees to continue living with him <n>[Note: In these verses Paul addresses a situation where one marriage partner is converted after they are married]</n>, he should not divorce her.


text:
And the woman with a husband who is an unbeliever, who agrees to continue living with her, should not divorce her husband.


text:
For the unbelieving husband is set apart <n>[i.e., as an acceptable mate, although not yet saved. See verse 16]</n>, through his wife <n>[i.e., her Christian commitment is viewed as having a godly effect on the home]</n>, and the unbelieving wife is set apart through the brother <n>[i.e., for the same reason]</n>. Otherwise, your children would be <n>[considered]</n> unclean. <n>[Note: “Unclean” suggests they would be viewed as pagans were it not for one parent being a Christian]</n>. But, as it is, they are set apart as acceptable <n>[i.e., to God, because of the influence of the one Christian parent]</n>.


text:
Yet if the unbelieving mate separates <n>[from his spouse]</n>, let him go. The brother or sister is not obligated <n>[to continue the marriage]</n> under such circumstances. For God has called you <n>[believers]</n> to live in peace.


text:
How can you know, <n>[Christian]</n> wife, whether or not you will <n>[be able to]</n> convert your husband? Or how can you know, <n>[Christian]</n> husband, whether or not you will <n>[be able to]</n> convert you wife?


text:
Each person should live according to what the Lord has given him and in the state he was when God called him. And this is what I require in all the churches.


text:
Was any man already circumcised when he was called <n>[by God to be a Christian]</n>? Then he should not <n>[try to]</n> become uncircumcised. <n>[Note: Some Jews in that day resorted to a surgical procedure in an attempt to conceal their circumcision]</n>. Was any man uncircumcised when he was called? Then he should not become circumcised.


text:
Being circumcised does not matter <n>[with God]</n>, nor does being uncircumcised matter <n>[either]</n>. But observing God’s commands is what matters.


text:
Were you a slave when you were called? It should not matter to you <n>[i.e., if you still are]</n>. But if, indeed, you can become a free person, then use that freedom instead <n>[i.e., for serving God]</n>.


text:
For the person who was a slave when called by the Lord is <n>[now]</n> the Lord’s freed person. In the same way, the person who was free when he was called <n>[by the Lord]</n> is <n>[now]</n> Christ’s slave.


text:
<n>[Since]</n> you people were bought for a price <n>[i.e., the blood of Christ]</n>, do not become slaves to <n>[other]</n> people.


text:
Brothers, each person should remain <n>[in fellowship]</n> with God in the <n>[same]</n> state he was in when he was called <n>[by God to be a Christian]</n>.


text:
Now I have no command from the Lord concerning <n>[what you wrote about]</n> unmarried women. <n>[Note: The word here is “virgins” but some think it includes both males and females]</n>. But I give my advice as someone who has received the Lord’s mercy to be counted trustworthy.


text:
Are you married? <n>[If so]</n>, then do not separate <n>[from your mate]</n>. Are you unmarried? <n>[If so]</n>, then do not look for a wife.


text:
But if you should marry, you have not sinned. And if a virgin girl marries, she has not sinned. Yet those individuals <n>[who do marry]</n> will have troubles in this life, and I want to spare you of that.


text:
But I say this, brothers; there is not much time left <n>[i.e., before the crisis arrives in full fury. See verse 26]</n> From now on those men who are married should live as though they were single.


text:
Those who cry <n>[should live]</n> as though they were not sad. Those who rejoice <n>[should live]</n> as though they were not happy. Those who buy things <n>[should live]</n> as though they did not own them.


text:
And those who make use of the things of the world <n>[should live]</n> as though they were not <n>[really]</n> involved with them. For the world as we know it is passing away. <n>[Note: The five “as though’s” of verses 29-31 are intended to emphasize that Christians should live with eternity in mind and not to become preoccupied with even legitimate earthly circumstances]</n>.


text:
But I want you to be free from worry. The man who is not married is concerned about the affairs of the Lord <n>[and]</n> how to please the Lord.


text:
But the person who is married is <n>[also]</n> concerned about the affairs of the world <n>[and]</n> how to please his wife,


text:
so his interests are divided. However, the unmarried woman <n>[Note: Possibly this refers to a widow, divorcee or non-virgin]</n> and the virgin are concerned about the affairs of the Lord <n>[and]</n> how to be dedicated <n>[to God]</n> in both body and spirit. But the married woman is concerned about the affairs of the world <n>[and]</n> how to please her husband.


text:
Now I am saying this for your own benefit, not in order to put <n>[unreasonable]</n> restrictions on you, but that you may do whatever is proper and devote yourselves to the Lord’s service without distraction.


text:
But if any man thinks he is <n>[being tempted to]</n> behave improperly toward his virgin <n>[fiancée]</n>, and she is past prime <n>[marriageable]</n> age, and feels the need <n>[to get married]</n> <n>[Note: The Greek says “and so it has to be”]</n>, he should do what he wants; they should get married --- that man has not sinned.


text:
But <n>[another]</n> man, who has a conviction in his heart <n>[about the matter]</n>, and does not feel it is necessary <n>[to get married]</n>, but has control over his will <n>[i.e., his sexual passion]</n>, and has made up his mind to keep <n>[from marrying]</n> his own virgin <n>[fiancée]</n> --- that man is doing the right thing <n>[also]</n>.


text:
So then, the man who marries his virgin <n>[fiancée]</n> is doing the right thing and the man who does not marry her is doing <n>[even]</n> better.


text:
A wife is bound <n>[i.e., to stay married]</n> for as long as her husband is alive. But if her husband dies, she is free to be married to anyone she wants; <n>[but it must be]</n> only in the Lord <n>[i.e., he must be a faithful Christian]</n>.


text:
But she will be happier if she remains as she is <n>[i.e., single]</n>. This is my advice and I think that I, too, have God’s Holy Spirit.


text:
I now want to reply to the matter of idolatrous sacrifices <n>[which you wrote to me about]</n>. We know that we all possess knowledge. <n>[Note: This may be a statement posed to Paul by the Corinthians, who seemed quite preoccupied with “knowledge”]</n>. Knowledge <n>[only]</n> makes people arrogant, while love builds them up <n>[spiritually]</n>.


text:
Now concerning <n>[the matter of]</n> eating foods <n>[once]</n> offered as sacrifices to idols, we know that an idol is <n>[really]</n> nothing in the world <n>[at all]</n>, and that there is only one God.


text:
For <n>[even]</n> if there were things called “gods,” whether in heaven or on earth; <n>[and even if]</n> there were many “gods” and many “lords,”


text:
yet there is <n>[only]</n> one God to us, <n>[and He is]</n> the Father, from whom all things have come, and for whom we live. And <n>[there is only]</n> one Lord Jesus Christ, through whom all things have come, and through whom we live.


text:
However, not every person knows this <n>[truth]</n>. For some people have been so used to an idol all this time that they still think of the idol <n>[as a reality]</n> when eating food that has been sacrificed to it. And their weak conscience becomes polluted. <n>[Note: These people cannot seem to shake off the idea that somehow the idol is real, so feel guilty of wrongdoing when eating food sacrificed to it]</n>.


text:
But <n>[eating certain]</n> foods will not improve our relationship to God; we are neither any worse off if we do not eat <n>[certain things]</n>, nor are we any better off if we do eat them.


text:
But pay attention<n>[to this]</n>, so that somehow this liberty of yours <n>[i.e., to eat whatever you want to]</n> does not become an occasion over which weak people could fall <n>[away from God]</n>.


text:
For if someone with a weak conscience sees you, who have <n>[correct]</n> knowledge <n>[in this matter]</n>, eating in an idol’s temple, will he not be encouraged to eat food sacrificed to idols?


text:
So, this weak brother, for whose sake Christ died, becomes <n>[spiritually]</n> destroyed, <n>[and all]</n> because of your “knowledge” <n>[i.e., you know that such eating is harmless, but your weak brother does not know this, so he is led into sin by your unloving example]</n>.


text:
And in this way, when you sin against the brothers by injuring their weak conscience, you are <n>[actually]</n> sinning against Christ.


text:
Therefore, if <n>[eating certain]</n> foods causes my brother to fall away <n>[from God]</n>, I will never eat meat again, so I do not cause my brother to fall away.


text:
Am I not a free man? Am I not an apostle? Have I not seen Jesus our Lord? <n>[See Acts 9:17; I Cor. 15:8]</n>. Are you people not <n>[the result of]</n> my work in <n>[the service of]</n> the Lord?


text:
<n>[Even]</n> if I am not <n>[accepted as]</n> an apostle with other people, at least I am with you. For you people are my seal <n>[i.e., proof]</n> of my apostleship in <n>[the service of]</n> the Lord.


text:
Do we <n>[i.e., Barnabas and Paul. See verse 6]</n> not have the right to eat and drink <n>[i.e., at the expense of the church]</n>?


text:
Do we not have the right to take a believing <n>[i.e., a Christian]</n> wife with us <n>[on our preaching tours]</n>, just like the rest of the apostles, and the Lord’s brothers do <n>[i.e., James, Joseph, Judas and Simon. Mark 6:3]</n>, and Cephas <n>[i.e., Peter]</n>?


text:
What soldier ever served <n>[in the army]</n> and paid his own expenses? Who <n>[ever]</n> planted a grape orchard and did not get to eat some of the grapes it produced? Or, who <n>[ever]</n> tended a flock of goats and did not get to drink some of the milk?


text:
Do I say these things from a purely human standpoint, or does not the Law of Moses also teach the same thing?


text:
For it is written in the Law of Moses <n>[Deut. 25:4]</n>, “You should not put a muzzle on an ox while it tramples over the grain.” Is it the oxen that God is concerned about?


text:
Or, is He not really saying this for our sakes? Yes, it was written for us because the farmer ought to plow in hope <n>[of planting a crop]</n>, and the harvester ought to thresh grain in hope of reaping a crop.


text:
If we have planted spiritual seeds <n>[i.e., the Gospel message]</n> among you, is it too much to expect to reap a material harvest from you?


text:
If other people have the right to receive a share of what you have, should we not have even more <n>[right to it]</n>? Yet we did not make use of this right, but instead we put up with whatever we had to so we would not become a hindrance to <n>[the spread of]</n> the good news <n>[about Christ]</n>.


text:
Do you not know that those who perform service in the Temple <n>[are permitted to]</n> eat food from the Temple? And those who serve at the Altar receive a share of what is sacrificed on the Altar?


text:
Even so the Lord directed that those who proclaim the good news <n>[about Christ]</n> should get their living from <n>[preaching]</n> that good news.


text:
But I have not availed myself of any of these rights. And I am not writing this so that it would be done in my case, for I would rather die than have anyone make my boast <n>[i.e., of preaching without financial support]</n> an empty one.


text:
<n>[But]</n> I do not have anything to boast about if I preach the good news because I am compelled to do it. For it would be too bad for me if I did not preach the good news.


text:
For if I preached because <n>[I personally decided]</n> I wanted to, I could claim a reward. But if I did not preach from a personal decision to do so, then it would be because I was entrusted with the task <n>[by God]</n>


text:
Then what is my reward? It is being able to preach the good news without receiving financial support <n>[for it]</n>, so as not to claim my full rights in <n>[the work of preaching]</n> the good news.


text:
For although I am free from <n>[being accountable to]</n> all people, I placed myself under obligation to them <n>[as a slave]</n>, so as to win as many as possible <n>[to Christ]</n>.


text:
I behaved like a Jew in front of the Jews in order to win Jews <n>[to Christ]</n> I behaved like a person who was under <n>[obligation to observe]</n> the law <n>[i.e., Jews]</n> in front of those who observe that law, although I was not <n>[really]</n> under <n>[obligation to]</n> it. I did this to win those who are under <n>[obligation to observe]</n> the law.


text:
I <n>[also]</n> behaved like a person without <n>[obligation to observe]</n> the law <n>[i.e., a Gentile]</n> in front of those who are not obligated to it, although I was not <n>[really]</n> without obligation to God’s law; but was under <n>[obligation to]</n> Christ’s law. I did this to win those who are without <n>[obligation to observe]</n> the law <n>[i.e., Gentiles]</n>.


text:
I behaved like a weak person in front of weak people <n>[See 8:9-12]</n>, in order to win them over <n>[i.e., to help them become stronger]</n>. I have become all things to all people so that, in every way, I could save some of them.


text:
And everything I do is for the sake of <n>[the work of]</n> the Gospel, so that I may share in its benefits.


text:
Do you not know that <n>[although]</n> everyone runs in a race, only one person wins the prize? So, you should run in order to win.


text:
And everyone who <n>[strenuously]</n> competes in athletic events exercises self-control during training. Now they do this to receive a laurel wreath that withers, but we <n>[do it to receive]</n> a lasting crown.


text:
But I work out and get my body in shape <n>[i.e., spiritually]</n>, so that after preaching to other people, I myself do not become disqualified <n>[i.e., for winning the prize from God. See verse 24]</n>.


text:
For I want you to be <n>[fully]</n> aware, brothers, that our forefathers were all under the cloud, and all of them passed <n>[safely]</n> through the <n>[Red]</n> Sea. <n>[Note: This refers to God guiding the Israelites through the desert during the daytime by a cloud moving along above them. See Ex. 13:21-22]</n>.


text:
<n>[In doing this]</n> they were all <n>[actually]</n> immersed into <n>[fellowship with]</n> Moses in the cloud and in the sea.


text:
and drank the same spiritual drink <n>[i.e., water coming from a rock supernaturally. See Ex. 17:6]</n> For they drank from the spiritual rock that followed them, and that rock was Christ. <n>[Note: Besides actual water, they were refreshed from the spiritual presence of Christ]</n>.


text:
However, God was not pleased with the vast majority of them, for their bodies were scattered over the desert <n>[See Num. 14:29ff]</n>


text:
Now these events were examples for us, so that we should not have strong desires for evil things like they did.


text:
<n>[So]</n>, do not worship idols as some of them did, as it is written <n>[Ex. 32:6]</n>, “The people sat down to feast and drink, then got up and played.” <n>[Note: This refers to the Israelites engaging in an orgy of dancing and sex. See Ex. 32:17- 19]</n>.


text:
Neither should we commit sexual immorality as some of them did, <n>[with]</n> 23,000 people falling dead in one day. <n>[Note: Num. 25:9 mentions 24,000 people slain, but that number could have included the additional people slain by the judges. See Num. 25:5]</n>.


text:
Neither should we put the Lord to a test as some of them did, and were killed by snake bites <n>[See Num. 21:5ff]</n>


text:
Neither should you people complain as some of them did and were killed by the destroying angel <n>[See Ex. 12:23 (?)]</n>.


text:
Now these events happened to those people as examples <n>[to us]</n>, and they were written as warnings to us, to whom the fulfillment of the ages has come. <n>[Note: This refers to past ages concluding with the coming of Christ in that day]</n>.


text:
So, the person who thinks he is standing firm <n>[in the faith]</n> should pay attention <n>[to his life]</n>, so that he does not fall <n>[away from God]</n>.


text:
Every temptation that you have experienced is one that commonly happens to people. But God is dependable and will not allow you to be tempted beyond your ability <n>[to cope with it]</n>; <n>[instead]</n> He will provide, along with the temptation, also a way of escaping <n>[it]</n>, so you people will be able to endure it.


text:
I am speaking to you as <n>[I would]</n> to sensible people, <n>[so]</n> judge for yourselves what I am saying.


text:
Does not the “cup of blessing,” which we bless, signify a fellowship with Christ’s <n>[physical]</n> blood? <n>[Note: This was the cup used at the close of the Passover meal and was called this because of the prayer of thanksgiving offered for it. Paul refers to such a prayer in connection with its use in the Lord’s Supper]</n>. Does not the bread which we break signify a fellowship with Christ’s <n>[physical]</n> body?


text:
Inasmuch as there is one loaf of bread that we all share, we who are many make up one body <n>[of believers]</n>.


text:
Look at the physical nation of Israel; do not their people <n>[i.e., the priests]</n> who eat the <n>[animal]</n> sacrifices have fellowship <n>[with God]</n> in the Altar <n>[service]</n>?


text:
So, what am I saying? That an animal sacrificed to idols is <n>[really]</n> anything, or that an idol <n>[itself]</n> is anything?


text:
<n>[Certainly not!]</n> But I am saying that the Gentile sacrifices are <n>[really]</n> offered to evil spirits and not to God. And I do not want you to have fellowship with evil spirits.


text:
You cannot drink <n>[both]</n> the cup of the Lord and the cup of evil spirits <n>[i.e., and still be acceptable to God]</n>. You cannot share in <n>[both]</n> the Lord’s Table and the table of evil spirits <n>[and still be acceptable to God]</n>.


text:
Or, are we <n>[trying to]</n> make the Lord jealous <n>[by doing this]</n>? <n>[Do we think]</n> we are stronger that He is?


text:
“Everything is permissible <n>[to do]</n>;” but not everything is profitable <n>[See note at 6:12]</n>. “Everything is permissible <n>[to do]</n>;” but not everything builds <n>[people]</n> up.


text:
No one should look out for his own interests <n>[only]</n>, but for the interests of others <n>[as well]</n>.


text:
Eat whatever is sold in the <n>[public]</n> meat markets, without asking any questions <n>[about it]</n> for <n>[your]</n> conscience’ sake <n>[i.e., do not inquire about the previous use of the food you buy, because you might discover something about it that would make you feel guilty of wrongdoing if you ate it]</n>.


text:
Now if an unbeliever invites you for a meal and you decide to go, eat whatever is set in front of you without asking any questions for <n>[your]</n> conscience’ sake <n>[See verse 25]</n>.


text:
But if anyone says to you, “This <n>[food]</n> has been offered as a sacrifice <n>[to an idol]</n>,” do not eat it, for the sake of the person who pointed this out to you, and for conscience’ sake ---


text:
that is, for the sake of the other person’s conscience, not your own. For why should my freedom <n>[to eat what I want]</n> be judged <n>[as wrong]</n> by another person’s conscience? <n>[Note: The questions in this and the following verse may mean, “It is not worth eating questionable things, if doing so would bring criticism from a weak brother”]</n>.


text:
If I thank God for what I eat, why should I be criticized for eating something I have <n>[already]</n> thanked Him for?


text:
Do not <n>[do what could]</n> cause Jews, Greeks <n>[i.e., Gentiles]</n> or the church of God to fall <n>[away from God]</n>.


text:
For even I myself <n>[try]</n> to please everyone in every way, and not to look out <n>[just]</n> for my own good, but <n>[also]</n> for the good of many people, so that they may be saved.


text:
Now I commend you for remembering me in everything and for remaining loyal to the <n>[inspired]</n> traditions which I have handed on to you.


text:
But I want you to know that Christ is the <n>[spiritual]</n> head <n>[i.e., authority]</n> over every man; and the man is the <n>[spiritual]</n> head over the woman <n>[Note: The Greek words for “woman” and “wife” are the same. “Wife” is obviously meant by the context]</n>; and God is the head over Christ.


text:
Every man who prays or prophesies <n>[i.e., speaks in a public assembly, since prophecy was always for the benefit of others]</n> with his <n>[physical]</n> head covered <n>[Note: The Greek word here denotes “something hanging down” and could refer to long hair or a cloth shawl]</n>, shows disrespect for his head <n>[i.e., Christ]</n>.


text:
But every woman who prays or prophesies <n>[in the public assembly]</n> with her <n>[physical]</n> head uncovered <n>[i.e., with hair or a shawl]</n> shows disrespect for her head <n>[i.e., for her husband. See verse 3]</n>. Such appearance is the same as if her <n>[physical]</n> head were shaved. <n>[Note: Various sources point out that a shaved or closely cropped head was an emblem of a prostitute or a woman found guilty of sexual unfaithfulness to her husband. See Num. 5:11-18]</n>.


text:
So, if a woman does not cover her <n>[physical]</n> head <n>[i.e., with sufficient hair or a cloth shawl]</n>, she might as well cut her hair off. But if it is a shame for a woman to cut her hair off or shave her head <n>[See note on verse 5]</n>, then she should have her head covered <n>[i.e., with hair or a shawl]</n>.


text:
But a man should certainly not cover his <n>[physical]</n> head <n>[i.e., with “something hanging down,” such as long hair or a cloth shawl. See verse 4]</n>, since he is the image and glory of God. But the woman <n>[i.e., his wife]</n> is the glory of the man <n>[i.e., her husband]</n>.


text:
For man did not come from woman <n>[i.e., Adam was created directly by God]</n>, but woman came from man <n>[i.e., she was taken from his side. See Gen. 2:18-23]</n>.


text:
And indeed, man was not created for the woman’s sake, but woman <n>[was created]</n> for man’s sake.


text:
This <n>[i.e., the order of creation]</n> is the reason that the woman should have <n>[a symbol of]</n> authority on her <n>[physical]</n> head <n>[i.e., hair or a shawl to indicate subjection to her husband]</n>, and because of the angels. <n>[Note: This difficult phrase probably means that angels, who observe the activities of Christian assemblies, are pleased when they see things being done in their proper order]</n>.


text:
Nevertheless, in <n>[the fellowship of]</n> the Lord, woman is not independent of man, nor is man independent of woman.<n>[See Gal. 3:28]</n>.


text:
For as the woman was created from man, so also the man is born from the woman. But everything comes from God.


text:
<n>[So]</n>, judge for yourselves: Is it proper for a woman to pray to God <n>[in the assembly]</n> with her <n>[physical]</n> head uncovered <n>[i.e., by hair or a shawl]</n>?


text:
<n>[And]</n> does not the very nature of things teach you that it is disgraceful for a man to have long hair? <n>[Note: The prevailing, worldwide custom, observable to Paul even in his day, was shorter hair on men and longer hair on women. The fact of exceptions to this arrangement only proves the rule. See Num. 6:5; I Sam. 1:11]</n>.


text:
But if a woman wears long hair, it is a glory to her, for her hair is given to her for a covering <n>[i.e., in place of the cloth shawl]</n>.


text:
But if anyone is inclined to argue <n>[about this matter]</n>, neither we <n>[apostles]</n> nor the churches of God have any <n>[other]</n> custom than this.


text:
But in giving you these instructions, I have a criticism to make <n>[about you people]</n>. It is that your assemblies are doing more harm than good.


text:
For first of all, I have been informed <n>[Note: This was probably by Chloe’s family. See 1:11 ]</n> that divisions exist among you people when you assemble as a congregation. And I am inclined to believe it <n>[is true]</n>.


text:
For it is to be expected <n>[i.e., it is inevitable]</n> that there would be dissensions among you, so that those who are approved <n>[by God]</n> can become known among you.


text:
So, when you people assemble together <n>[Note: This was a church meeting at which they also shared a common meal prior to the Lord’s Supper]</n>, it is not possible to eat the Lord’s Supper <n>[properly]</n>.


text:
For as you are eating, each one of you partakes of his own supper <n>[ahead of the others]</n>, so that one person is <n>[still]</n> hungry while the other gets drunk.


text:
Do you not have houses to eat and drink in? Or, do you despise the church of God and put to shame those people who do not have anything <n>[to eat]</n>? What should I say to you? Should I commend you for doing this? Certainly not!


text:
For I received from the Lord what I also handed on to you: On the night the Lord Jesus was turned over <n>[to the Jewish authorities]</n> He took bread,


text:
and after giving thanks <n>[for it]</n>, He broke it <n>[in pieces]</n> and said, “This represents my <n>[physical]</n> body, which is <n>[to be given]</n> for you. <n>[Continue to]</n> do this in memory of me.”


text:
In the same way <n>[He took]</n> the cup also, after supper, and said, “This cup <n>[i.e., its contents]</n> represents the New Agreement <n>[ratified]</n> by my blood. <n>[Continue to]</n> do this, whenever you people drink from it, in memory of me.”


text:
For whenever you eat this bread and drink from this cup, you are proclaiming the Lord’s death until He comes <n>[again]</n>.


text:
Therefore, whoever eats the <n>[Lord’s]</n> bread or drinks from the Lord’s cup in a way that is unworthy <n>[of them. See verse 21]</n>, will be guilty of <n>[dishonoring]</n> the body and the blood of the Lord.


text:
So, a person should examine himself <n>[first]</n> and then he should eat the bread and drink from the cup.


text:
For a person who eats and drinks without determining the significance of the body <n>[of Jesus]</n>, <n>[i.e., without showing proper reverence for Christ, as represented by the bread and cup (see verse 27), or without distinguishing this sacred memorial Supper from a common meal]</n>, eats and drinks judgment upon himself. <n>[Note: Some apply “the body” in this verse to the church and explain it as a warning against failing to appreciate the unity that the Supper is intended to signify]</n>.


text:
Because of this <n>[i.e., their improper partaking of the Supper]</n>, many people among you are weak and ill, and a number have fallen asleep <n>[i.e., died]</n>. <n>[Note: While most commentators view this judgment as physical, there is a distinct possibility that it refers to spiritual sickness and death]</n>.


text:
But if we <n>[had]</n> examined ourselves <n>[properly]</n>, we would not be <n>[i.e., not have been]</n> judged <n>[i.e., with sickness and death. See verse 30]</n>.


text:
But since we are being judged, we are <n>[also]</n> being disciplined by the Lord, so that we do not have to be condemned along with the world.


text:
So, my brothers, when you assemble for a meal, wait for each other <n>[i.e., so some will not be finished before others. See verse 21]</n>.


text:
If anyone is <n>[too]</n> hungry <n>[i.e., to wait]</n>, he should eat at home, so that your assembly does not result in judgment <n>[falling on some of you. See verse 30]</n>. And I will tend to the remaining matters when I come <n>[to you]</n>.


text:
Now concerning spiritual <n>[i.e., supernatural]</n> gifts, brothers, I want you to be <n>[fully]</n> knowledgeable.


text:
You people know that when you were <n>[still unconverted]</n> Gentiles, you were led astray to <n>[worship]</n> lifeless idols, however you were led <n>[i.e., wherever you turned, you were being led into idolatrous practices]</n>


text:
Therefore, I am telling you that no one who speaks under the influence of the Holy Spirit of God says, “Jesus is cursed!” And no one can say, “Jesus is Lord,” except under the influence of the Holy Spirit.


text:
Now there are a variety of <n>[spiritual]</n> gifts, but <n>[they are given by]</n> the same Holy Spirit.


text:
And there are a variety of <n>[Christian]</n> activities, but the same God provides the power for everyone to do all of them <n>[i.e., it is God who empowers every person who has a gift]</n>.


text:
But the evidence of the Holy Spirit’s <n>[power]</n> is given to each person for the good of everyone.


text:
For one person is given the <n>[supernatural]</n> message of wisdom through the Holy Spirit; another person is given the <n>[supernatural]</n> message of knowledge by means of the same Holy Spirit.


text:
Still another person is given <n>[supernatural]</n> faith <n>[See 13:2]</n> by the same Holy Spirit; yet another person is given gifts <n>[providing the ability]</n> to perform <n>[supernatural]</n> healings by that one Holy Spirit.


text:
Another <n>[is given]</n> the ability to perform miracles; and another <n>[is given]</n> the ability to prophesy <n>[supernaturally]</n>; and another <n>[is given]</n> the ability to speak in different languages <n>[supernaturally]</n>; and still another <n>[is given]</n> the ability to interpret those languages <n>[supernaturally]</n>.


text:
Now all of these <n>[supernatural gifts]</n> are the work of one and the same Holy Spirit, who distributes them to each person individually as He desires.


text:
For <n>[just]</n> as the human body is one <n>[unit]</n>, made up of many parts, and all the many parts make up a single body, so it is with Christ. <n>[Note: Just as a human body is a single unit and Christ is a single being, so the members of His body, the church, constitute one body. See verses 27-28]</n>.


text:
For we were all immersed by means of the one Holy Spirit into one body <n>[i.e., the church]</n>, whether <n>[we were]</n> Jews or Greeks <n>[i.e., Gentiles]</n>, whether slaves or free people, and were all given the one <n>[and the same]</n> Holy Spirit to drink. <n>[Note: This probably refers to the indwelling of the Holy Spirit, given to all immersed believers. See John 7:37-39; Acts 2:38]</n>.


text:
If the foot should say, “I am not part of the body because I am not the hand,” that does not mean it is not part of the body <n>[does it?]</n>.


text:
And if the ear should say, “I am not part of the body because I am not the eye,” that does not mean it is not part of the body <n>[does it?]</n>


text:
If the whole body were an eye, how could it hear? If the whole body were an ear, how could it smell?


text:
And the eye cannot say to the hand, “I do not need you,” or again, the head <n>[cannot say]</n> to the feet, “I do not need you.”


text:
On the contrary, those parts of the body which seem to be weaker <n>[i.e., delicate organs like the heart, lungs, kidneys, etc.]</n> are necessary <n>[for life]</n>.


text:
And those parts of the body which we consider less honorable <n>[i.e., probably female breasts, buttocks, etc.]</n>, we clothe with greater honor. <n>[Note: The Greek word for “clothe” here refers to clothing elsewhere in the New Testament]</n>. And our unpresentable parts <n>[i.e., probably sex organs]</n> need to be more presentable <n>[i.e., by being covered up with modest clothing]</n>,


text:
whereas, our presentable parts <n>[i.e., probably face and hands]</n> do not need <n>[covering up]</n>. But God has put the body together <n>[in such a way as]</n> to give greater honor to that part which lacked it,


text:
so that there would not be any division in the body <n>[Note: Paul here leaves the analogy of the physical body and makes application to the spiritual body, the church]</n>, but that its parts should have equal concern for each other.


text:
So, if one part <n>[i.e., one Christian]</n> suffers, then all the parts <n>[i.e., the other Christians]</n> should suffer with it. Or, if one part is honored, all the <n>[other]</n> parts should rejoice with it.


text:
Now you people are the <n>[spiritual]</n> body of Christ and each one of you is an individual part of it.


text:
Now God has placed some <n>[ministries]</n> in the church <n>[as follows]</n>: First apostles, secondly prophets, thirdly teachers, then <n>[those able to perform]</n> miracles, then gifts <n>[enabling people]</n> to perform <n>[supernatural]</n> healings, <n>[those able]</n> to help the needy, <n>[wise]</n> administrators, <n>[and]</n> those able to speak in different languages.


text:
Are all <n>[ministers in the church]</n> apostles? Are all prophets? Are all teachers? Do all perform miracles?


text:
Do all have gifts <n>[enabling them]</n> to perform <n>[supernatural]</n> healings? Do all speak in languages? Do all interpret <n>[those languages]</n>?


text:
<n>[Obviously not]</n>, but you should eagerly desire the more important gifts. And now I will show you a much better way <n>[i.e., a better way to serve one another in the church than using supernatural gifts]</n>:


text:
If I have the ability to speak in the languages of human beings and angels <n>[Note: Perhaps the idea is supernaturally and eloquently]</n>, but do not have love <n>[for people]</n>, I have become <n>[no more than]</n> a noisy gong or a clanging cymbal.


text:
And if I have the <n>[spiritual]</n> gift of prophecy, and can understand all <n>[of God’s]</n> secret purposes, and have all knowledge; and if I have all <n>[the supernatural]</n> faith necessary to relocate mountains <n>[See Matt. 17:20]</n>, but do not have love <n>[for people]</n>, I am nothing.


text:
And if I donate all my possessions to feed poor people, and if I surrender my body to be burned <n>[Note: This probably refers to becoming a martyr, but some manuscripts read, “that I may be able to boast”]</n>, but do not have love <n>[for people]</n>, it is no benefit to me.


text:
<n>[Note: The following traits should be understood in the context of love for people]</n>. Love is patient <n>[with people]</n>, and is kind <n>[to them]</n>; love does not envy <n>[what people are or have]</n>; love does not boast <n>[of being superior to others]</n>, it is not arrogant <n>[in dealing with people]</n>.


text:
<n>[Love]</n> does not act improperly <n>[toward people]</n>; it does not insist on having its own way <n>[at the expense of others]</n>; it is not easily irritated <n>[by others]</n>; it does not keep track of the wrongs <n>[done by others]</n>.


text:
<n>[Love]</n> is not glad about the evil <n>[that people do]</n>, but is glad about the truth <n>[i.e., the good in their lives]</n>.


text:
<n>[Love]</n> conceals all <n>[people’s]</n> faults; it believes <n>[the best about]</n> all people; it hopes <n>[for the best in]</n> all people; it endures <n>[ill treatment from]</n> all people.


text:
Love will never cease. But though there are <n>[now supernatural gifts of]</n> prophecies, <n>[someday]</n> they will be abolished <n>[i.e., such gifts will cease to be exercised]</n>. Though there are <n>[now supernatural gifts of]</n> languages, <n>[someday]</n> they will stop <n>[i.e., such gifts will cease to be exercised]</n>. Though there is <n>[now the supernatural gift of]</n> knowledge, <n>[someday]</n> it will be abolished <n>[i.e., this gift will cease to be exercised]</n>


text:
but when that which is complete comes <n>[i.e., the full revelation of God’s will, contained in the New Testament Scriptures]</n>, then the partial will be abolished <n>[i.e., the supernatural gifts, which provided only part of the revealed will of God, will cease to be exercised]</n>.


text:
When I was a child I spoke, thought and reasoned like a child. But now that I have become a man, I have put away childish things. <n>[Note: Paul uses an analogy to illustrate that the church made use of the supernatural gifts in its infancy, but that these would no longer be needed when it matured]</n>.


text:
For now <n>[i.e., during the church’s infant state]</n> we see in a mirror <n>[Note: God’s word is elsewhere likened to a mirror. See James 1:22-25]</n> indistinctly <n>[i.e., because of having only partial knowledge and prophecy]</n>, but then <n>[i.e., when the church matures and has the completed Scriptures]</n>, we will see face to face <n>[i.e., clearly]</n>. Now I have <n>[only]</n> partial knowledge, but then I will have full knowledge, just as <n>[God has]</n> full knowledge of me.


text:
But now <n>[i.e., since the temporary gifts are to pass away]</n>, these three things remain: faith, hope and love; and the most important of them is love.


text:
You should make loving <n>[others]</n> your aim, yet eagerly desire <n>[to possess]</n> spiritual gifts, and especially <n>[the gift of]</n> prophecy.


text:
For the person who speaks in a language <n>[supernaturally]</n> does not speak to people, but to God, for no one can understand him <n>[i.e., unless there is an interpreter or it is the person’s native language]</n>; he speaks <n>[previously]</n> unrevealed truths under the influence of the Holy Spirit <n>[or “in his spirit”]</n>. <n>[Note: For a correct understanding of this chapter, it must be kept in mind that Paul is addressing a misuse of the gift of speaking in languages supernaturally. The Corinthians were doing this in the wrong way and for the wrong purpose]</n>.


text:
But the person who prophesies speaks <n>[God’s message]</n> to people to build them up <n>[spiritually]</n>, encourage them and comfort them.


text:
The person who speaks in a language <n>[supernaturally]</n>, builds up <n>[only]</n> himself, but the one who prophesies builds up the church.


text:
Now I would like all of you to speak in languages <n>[supernaturally]</n>, but I would rather have you prophecy. For the person who prophesies is more important <n>[i.e., to the church]</n> than those who speak in languages <n>[supernaturally]</n>, unless that person interprets <n>[the languages]</n>, so the church can be built up <n>[spiritually]</n>.


text:
But now, brothers, if I come to you speaking in languages <n>[supernaturally]</n>, how will I benefit you unless my speaking consists of a revelation <n>[from God]</n>, or a <n>[message of]</n> knowledge <n>[See 12:8]</n>, or a prophecy, or a teaching? <n>[i.e., the message must be intelligible to be beneficial]</n>.


text:
<n>[This is true]</n> even of inanimate objects which make sounds, such as a flute or harp. If they do not make distinguishable sounds, how will anyone know what tune <n>[or signal]</n> is being played?


text:
So, unless you people also speak clearly with your tongue, how will your speaking be understood? For it will be as though you were speaking into the air.


text:
There are, no doubt, many kinds of sounds <n>[i.e., languages]</n> in the world, and none of them is meaningless.


text:
So, if I do not know the meaning of the sound <n>[i.e., language]</n>, I will <n>[appear]</n> as a foreigner to the person speaking <n>[that language to me]</n>. And the person speaking <n>[to me]</n> will <n>[appear]</n> as a foreigner to me.


text:
So, you people also, since you are eager for <n>[supernatural]</n> spiritual gifts, should look for ways to excel in building up the church.


text:
Therefore, the person who speaks in a language <n>[supernaturally]</n> should pray <n>[i.e., in advance]</n> for the ability to interpret it <n>[as well]</n>.


text:
For if I pray in a language <n>[supernaturally]</n>, <n>[it is]</n> my spirit that is praying, but my mind does not understand <n>[what I am saying]</n> <n>[Note: Here Paul raises an objection to the use of a language without the person knowing what he is saying]</n>.


text:
What should I do then? I will pray with my spirit <n>[i.e. from within]</n>, and I will pray with my understanding also <n>[i.e., with a knowledge of what I am saying]</n> I will sing with my spirit, and I will sing with my understanding also.


text:
For if you <n>[ask God to]</n> bless with your spirit <n>[i.e., in a language supernaturally]</n>, how will the person there, who does not have the gift <n>[i.e., of interpreting the language]</n> be able to say, “May it be so,” when you offer <n>[a prayer of]</n> thanksgiving, since he does not know what you are saying?


text:
However, in the assembly I would rather speak five words with my understanding, so that I can instruct other people also, than to speak ten thousand words in a language <n>[that people do not understand]</n>.


text:
Brothers, do not be children in the way you think, but be babies in wrongdoing; yet be mature in your thinking.


text:
It is written in the law <n>[Isa. 28:1 1f]</n>, “I <n>[i.e., God]</n> will speak to these people <n>[i.e., the Israelites]</n> by men with foreign languages and through the lips of strangers, and even then they will not listen to me, says the Lord.”


text:
Therefore, languages <n>[i.e., spoken supernaturally]</n> are for a <n>[miraculous]</n> sign to unbelievers, not to believers. But prophesying is for a <n>[miraculous]</n> sign to believers, not to unbelievers.


text:
Therefore, if the whole church assembles together and everyone speaks in languages <n>[i.e., supernaturally]</n>, and outsiders <n>[i.e., people who do not understand the language being spoken]</n> or unbelievers come <n>[into the assembly]</n>, will they not say that you people are crazy?


text:
But if everyone prophesies and someone comes <n>[into the assembly]</n> who is an outsider or an unbeliever, he will be convicted <n>[of his sins]</n> by everyone <n>[i.e., who speaks the message in an intelligible language]</n>, and judged by everyone.


text:
The secrets of his heart will be revealed so that he will fall <n>[to the ground]</n> on his face and worship God, declaring that God is truly among you.


text:
So, what is the conclusion, brothers? When you people assemble together, each one of you has a psalm <n>[to sing]</n>, or a lesson <n>[to teach]</n>, or a <n>[supernatural]</n> revelation <n>[to give]</n>, or a language <n>[to speak supernaturally]</n>, or an interpretation <n>[of that language]</n>. Everything that is done should be for the building up <n>[of the church]</n>.


text:
If any person speaks in a language <n>[supernaturally]</n>, there should be <n>[only]</n> two, or at most three people <n>[doing it in one meeting]</n>, and they should take turns. And <n>[only]</n> one person should interpret <n>[the language spoken]</n>


text:
But if there is no interpreter present <n>[at the meeting]</n>, the person <n>[i.e., with the ability to speak a language supernaturally]</n> should remain quiet in the assembly. <n>[Note: This implies that the speaker would know before he begins speaking whether or not an interpreter is present]</n>. <n>[In that case]</n>, he should speak <n>[only]</n> to himself and to God. <n>[See verse 2]</n>.


text:
And <n>[only]</n> two or three prophets should speak <n>[in one meeting]</n>, and <n>[then]</n> other people should determine the significance <n>[of their messages]</n>


text:
But if something is revealed <n>[supernaturally, at about the same time]</n> to another person sitting nearby, the first one should finish speaking <n>[i.e., before the second one begins]</n>.


text:
For all of you <n>[i.e., who have the gifts]</n>, can prophesy, one at a time, so that all of you may learn and be encouraged.


text:
And the prophets’ spirits are <n>[to be]</n> under the prophets’ control <n>[i.e., a prophet was to determine if or when he exercised his gift]</n>,


text:
because God is not a God of disorder but of peace <n>[i.e., harmony]</n>. As is the practice in all of the churches of the saints <n>[i.e., God’s holy people]</n>,


text:
the women should remain quiet in the assemblies. For they are not permitted to speak <n>[i.e., in a language supernaturally, or to prophesy]</n>, but they are to be in subjection <n>[i.e., to male leaders. See I Tim. 2:11-12]</n>, as the law also says. <n>[See Gen. 3:16 (?)]</n>.


text:
And if they want to find out about something, they should ask their own husbands at home <n>[i.e., instead of asking someone else in the assembly and thereby suggesting insubordination to their husbands]</n>. For it is a shame for a woman to speak in the assembly. <n>[See verse 34]</n>.


text:
Did the message of God originate from you <n>[i.e., the church in Corinth]</n>? Or, were you people the only ones who received it?


text:
If any man thinks he is a prophet or has a spiritual gift, he should realize that the things I am writing to you are the Lord’s commandment.


text:
But if any man does not know this, he should remain ignorant. <n>[Note: The Greek may mean, “If any man does not recognize this (truth), he will not be recognized (in the Judgment)”]</n>.


text:
Therefore, my brothers, desire eagerly to prophesy and <n>[yet]</n> do not prohibit people from speaking in a language <n>[supernaturally]</n>.


text:
Now, brothers, I want to remind you of the good news which I preached to you. You received it; you are standing firm in it;


text:
<n>[and]</n> you have been saved by it also, if you hold on to it firmly <n>[i.e., continue believing and practicing it]</n>. For if you do not <n>[hold on to it firmly]</n>, you will have believed <n>[it]</n> all for nothing.


text:
For I passed on to you the <n>[following]</n> main principles that I received <n>[i.e., by revelation]</n>: Christ died for our sins, according to the Scriptures;


text:
and He appeared to Cephas <n>[i.e., Peter. See Luke 24:34]</n>, and then to the twelve apostles. <n>[See Luke 24:33]</n>.


text:
After that He appeared to over five hundred brothers at one time, most of whom are still alive, but some have died.


text:
Then He appeared to James <n>[Note: This was probably Jesus’ half-brother. See Acts 12:17; Gal. 1:19]</n>, and then to all of the apostles. <n>[See John 20:26]</n>.


text:
Then last of all, He appeared to me also, as someone born abnormally. <n>[Note: This probably refers to Paul being converted later than the rest of the apostles]</n>.


text:
For I am the least <n>[significant]</n> of the apostles, and am not worthy to be called an apostle, because I persecuted the church of God.


text:
But I am whatever I am because of God’s unearned favor, and the favor He showed me was not for nothing <n>[i.e., Paul made the most of his conversion by being extra diligent in his service to God]</n>. But I worked harder than all the other apostles, yet it was not I, but God’s favor on me <n>[that accomplished it]</n>.


text:
So, whether it was I, or the other apostles <n>[who did the work]</n>, this is <n>[the message]</n> that we have preached, and that you people have received.


text:
Now if it is preached that Christ was raised from the dead, how can some people among you say that people will not be raised from the dead?


text:
And if Christ has not been raised up, then our preaching is for nothing, and your faith is for nothing too.


text:
And also, we are found to be false witnesses about God because we testified that God raised up Christ <n>[from the dead]</n>, when <n>[in reality]</n> He did not raise Him up if, in fact, the dead are not raised up.


text:
And if Christ has not been raised up, <n>[then]</n> your faith is for nothing; you are still condemned by your sins.


text:
If we have placed our hope in Christ while in this life only, we are to be pitied more than all <n>[other]</n> people.


text:
But now Christ has been raised up from the dead; <n>[He is]</n> the first fruits of those who have died. <n>[Note: By “first fruits” is meant the first installment of the crop which promises the entire harvest eventually]</n>.


text:
For since death happened to a man <n>[i.e., Adam]</n>, the resurrection from the dead also happened to a man <n>[i.e., Christ]</n>.


text:
For as all people die <n>[physically]</n> in <n>[their relationship to]</n> Adam, so also will all people be made alive <n>[physically]</n> in <n>[their relationship to]</n> Christ. <n>[Note: However, some view “made alive” as referring to the new spiritual life given to believers]</n>.


text:
But each one <n>[is raised up]</n> in his own turn: Christ as the first fruits <n>[See verse 20]</n>; then those who are Christ’s <n>[i.e., believers]</n>, when He returns.


text:
Then <n>[i.e., at Christ’s return]</n> the end <n>[of the world]</n> will occur, when He will turn over the kingdom to God, the Father, after He has abolished all <n>[hostile]</n> dominion, authority and power.


text:
For Christ must <n>[continue to]</n> rule <n>[over His kingdom, the church]</n> until God has put all of His enemies under Christ’s feet.


text:
For He <n>[i.e., God]</n> placed everything in subjection under His <n>[i.e., Christ’s]</n> feet. But when God said, “Everything is in subjection <n>[to Him]</n>,” it is clear that this did not include God <n>[Himself]</n>, who placed everything in subjection to Him <n>[i.e., Christ]</n>.


text:
And after everything <n>[else]</n> has been subjected to Christ, then the Son Himself will also be subjected <n>[i.e., He will subject Himself]</n> to God, who subjected everything to Christ, so that God may rule over everything.


text:
Otherwise <n>[i.e., if there were no resurrection]</n>, what do people accomplish by being immersed for those who have <n>[already]</n> died? If dead people are not raised up at all, why then are people immersed on their behalf? <n>[Note: The foregoing rendition is the most commonly held one of over 30 interpretations given to this very difficult verse. Other possibilities are: a) “immersed in view of (being raised from) the dead,” b) “immersed in view of being dead (to sin),” c) “immersed in view of (having to suffer) death,” d) “immersed in view of (someday joining) the dead”]</n>.


text:
I face death every day, I assure you brothers, as surely as I boast of <n>[fellowship with]</n> you in Christ Jesus our Lord.


text:
What benefit was it to me, from a human standpoint, if I fought wild animals in Ephesus, and <n>[yet]</n> the dead are not raised? <n>[Note: This probably refers to Paul facing ferocious opposition from people there in Ephesus]</n>. We should <n>[just]</n> eat and drink, for tomorrow we <n>[may]</n> die.


text:
Come to your senses; do what is right and stop sinning. Some of you do not know God <n>[i.e., in a personal way]</n> I am saying this to make you ashamed.


text:
And what you yourself sow is not the plant that will <n>[eventually]</n> come up, but simply a seed. It may be a grain of wheat or something else.


text:
But God gives it the <n>[kind of]</n> body He wants <n>[it to have]</n>, so each seed gets its own plant.


text:
All flesh is not the same <n>[Note: The word “flesh” here refers to the material composition of matter, and in no way suggests anything sinful, as it does in many other places in Paul’s writings]</n>. But mankind has one <n>[kind of]</n> flesh; animals have another kind; birds have another; and fish <n>[still]</n> another.


text:
Also, there are heavenly bodies <n>[i.e., stars and planets]</n> and earthly bodies <n>[i.e., men and animals]</n> But the splendor of the heavenly bodies is one <n>[kind]</n>, and the splendor of the earthly bodies is another <n>[kind]</n>.


text:
The sun has one <n>[kind]</n> of splendor, and the moon has another <n>[kind]</n>, and the stars <n>[still]</n> another. For <n>[even]</n> one star’s splendor is different from another’s.


text:
It is the same way with the resurrection of dead people. <n>[A person’s body]</n> is buried <n>[only]</n> to decay; it is raised up never to decay again.


text:
It is buried in dishonor; it is raised up in splendor. It is buried in weakness; it is raised up in power.


text:
It is buried as a physical body; it is raised up as a spiritual body. If there is <n>[such a thing as]</n> a physical body, <n>[then]</n> there is also a spiritual body.


text:
So, it is also written <n>[Gen. 2:7]</n>, “The first man, Adam, became a living being.” The last Adam <n>[i.e., Christ]</n>, became the Spirit who gives <n>[never ending]</n> life. <n>[See John 5:21]</n>.


text:
However, the spiritual <n>[body]</n> does not come first, but the physical <n>[body does]</n>; then the spiritual <n>[body comes]</n>.


text:
The first man <n>[i.e., Adam]</n> came from the dust of the ground <n>[See Gen. 2:7]</n>; the second man <n>[i.e., Christ]</n> came from heaven.


text:
Just as earthly people are like the man who came from dust; so heavenly people are like the man who came from heaven.


text:
And just as we <n>[now]</n> appear <n>[in both a physical and spiritual body]</n> like the man who came from dust <n>[i.e., Adam]</n>; we will also <n>[someday]</n> appear <n>[in both a physical (?) and a spiritual body]</n> like the man who came from heaven <n>[i.e., Christ]</n>.


text:
Now this is what I am saying, brothers; flesh and blood <n>[i.e., physical bodies]</n> cannot possess the kingdom of God <n>[i.e., the heavenly realm]</n>; neither can <n>[bodies that]</n> decay possess <n>[a place]</n> which does not decay.


text:
Look, I am telling you a secret truth: We will not all die, but we will all be changed <n>[i.e., physically and spiritually]</n>


text:
in a split second, as quickly as the twinkle of an eye, when the last trumpet blows. For the trumpet will blow and dead people <n>[i.e., believers]</n> will be raised up, never to decay again, and <n>[the living]</n> will be changed <n>[i.e., physically and spiritually]</n>.


text:
For this <n>[body]</n> that can decay must be clothed with <n>[a body]</n> which cannot decay. And this <n>[body]</n> that can die must be clothed with <n>[a body]</n> which cannot die.


text:
But when this <n>[body]</n> that can decay has been clothed with one which cannot decay, and this <n>[body]</n> that can die has been clothed with one which cannot die, then the Scriptural saying will be fulfilled <n>[Isa. 25:8]</n>, “Death has been swallowed up <n>[i.e., eliminated]</n> by victory.” <n>[Note: The reference here is to the time when believers will experience victory over death by being resurrected or taken directly to be with God]</n>.


text:
<n>[Hos. 13:14 says]</n>, “Death, where is your victory <n>[over people]</n>? Death, where is your <n>[harmful]</n> sting?”


text:
The <n>[harmful]</n> sting that causes <n>[physical]</n> death is sin <n>[See Rom. 5:12]</n>; and the power of sin <n>[to do this]</n> comes from the law. <n>[See Rom. 8:2]</n>.


text:
But I thank God for giving us victory <n>[i.e., over sin and death]</n> through our Lord Jesus Christ.


text:
Therefore, my dearly loved brothers, stand firm <n>[in the faith]</n>; do not be moved <n>[from your commitment]</n> Always do your best to work for the Lord, since you know that your labor in the Lord’s <n>[service]</n> is not for nothing.


text:
Now concerning the collection for the <n>[needy]</n> saints <n>[whom you wrote me about]</n>: You people also should do what I directed the churches in Galatia to do.


text:
On every first day of the week <n>[i.e., at the regular Sunday assembly]</n> each one of you should set aside and store up <n>[money]</n> in proportion to your income, so that no collections will have to be taken when I come.


text:
But I will come to you after I have gone through Macedonia, for I am planning to go through Macedonia <n>[Note: This was the Roman province of northern Greece]</n>


text:
And perhaps I will stay with you, even for the winter, so that you can help me on my journey, wherever I go.


text:
But I do not plan to see you yet, as I will <n>[only]</n> be passing through. For I am hoping to stay with you for some time <n>[i.e., in the future]</n>, if the Lord permits.


text:
But I will wait <n>[here]</n> in Ephesus until the Day of Pentecost <n>[Note: This was an annual Jewish festival, held at spring harvest time]</n>;


text:
because a great door <n>[of opportunity]</n> has opened up to me <n>[here]</n> for doing an effective work <n>[for God]</n>, but there are <n>[also]</n> many enemies who oppose me. <n>[See Acts 19]</n>.


text:
Now if <n>[or, probably, “when”]</n> Timothy comes <n>[i.e., there to Corinth]</n>, make sure he feels at ease <n>[Note: Due to his youthful age and inexperience, Timothy was probably inclined to be easily intimidated]</n>, for he is doing the Lord’s work, just as I am.


text:
So, do not let anyone look down on him, but help him on his journey in peace so that he can come to me, for I am expecting him <n>[to come]</n> with the brothers.


text:
Now concerning our brother Apollos: I strongly urged him to go to you with the other brothers, but he was not at all willing to do so at this time. But he will go when he has the opportunity.


text:
You people should be alert; stand firm in the faith; act like <n>[godly]</n> men; be <n>[spiritually]</n> strong.


text:
You know that <n>[members of]</n> the family of Stephanas are the first fruits of Achaia <n>[i.e., the first converts in that province of southern Greece]</n>, and that they have committed themselves to serving God’s people <n>[i.e., the saints]</n>.


text:
Now I urge you, brothers, that you should also submit to <n>[the leadership of]</n> such people and to everyone <n>[else]</n> who works and labors <n>[with them]</n>


text:
And I was glad when Stephanas, Fortunatus and Achaicus arrived <n>[here in Ephesus]</n>, for they have provided <n>[me]</n> with what you were not able to.


text:
For they cheered me up, as they have cheered <n>[or, will cheer]</n> you up <n>[also]</n>. <n>[Note: How these three men did this for Paul and the Corinthians is not known]</n>. You should give recognition to such men.


text:
The churches in Asia send you their greetings <n>[Note: This was the westernmost province in present-day Turkey]</n>. Aquila and Prisca <n>[Note: This married couple were close friends and fellow-tentmakers of Paul]</n>, along with the church that meets in their house, send you their warm greetings in <n>[fellowship with]</n> Christ.


text:
All of the brothers <n>[and sisters]</n> send you their greetings <n>[also]</n>. Greet one another with a holy kiss <n>[i.e., to signify affection, yet without sensuality]</n>.


text:
If anyone <n>[there]</n> does not love the Lord, he deserves to be cut off from God. O Lord, come <n>[back soon]</n>


text:
<n>[This letter is from]</n> Paul, an apostle of Christ Jesus by God’s will, and Timothy, our brother. <n>[It is being sent]</n> to the church of God at Corinth, with all the saints <n>[i.e., God’s holy people]</n> who are in the entire province of Achaia <n>[Note: This was the southern province of Greece]</n>


text:
May <n>[God’s]</n> unearned favor be yours, <n>[along with]</n> peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.


text:
May the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who is the Father of compassionate feelings and the God of all comfort, be praised.


text:
He comforts us <n>[Note: Most commentators view the editorial “us,” “we,” and “our” in this passage as a reference to a tragic personal experience of Paul. See verses 8-11]</n> in all our troubles so that we will be able to comfort those who are in any <n>[kind of]</n> trouble, through the comfort we ourselves have received from Him.


text:
For just as we experience an overflow of Christ’s sufferings, even so we also experience an overflow of comfort through Christ.


text:
But if we experience trouble, it is in order <n>[to provide]</n> for your comfort and salvation. Or, if we are comforted, it is in order <n>[to provide]</n> for your comfort <n>[also]</n>, which enables you to endure patiently the same sufferings we experience.


text:
And our hope for you is firm, for we know that just as you share our sufferings, so you will also <n>[share]</n> our comfort.


text:
For we want you to know, brothers, about the trouble that we experienced in Asia. <n>[See I Cor. 16:19]</n>. We were under a heavy burden <n>[which was]</n> more than we could stand, even to the point of despairing of life.


text:
Actually, we felt within us that we had <n>[already]</n> received a death sentence, so that we could <n>[learn]</n> not to trust in ourselves but in God, who raises the dead.


text:
He has rescued us from a serious 217 threat of death and He will do it again. We have placed our hope in Him, that He will also continue to rescue us,


text:
as you cooperate by praying for us. Then, many people will give thanks <n>[to God]</n> on our behalf for the gift He has given to us through <n>[your]</n> many <n>[prayers]</n>.


text:
For this is what we boast of: Our conscience testifies that we have conducted ourselves in the world, and especially toward you, in holiness and godly sincerity, not with human wisdom, but with the favor of God.


text:
For we are not writing anything to you than what you can read and understand. And I hope that, on the day of our Lord Jesus <n>[i.e., the judgment day]</n>, you will understand us fully,


text:
as you have understood us partially <n>[or “only a part of you have understood us”]</n>, that we are <n>[the occasion of]</n> your boasting, even as you are <n>[the occasion of]</n> our boasting.


text:
And because of this confidence <n>[i.e., that you people have such a favorable opinion of me]</n>, I had determined to visit you first <n>[i.e., before going to Macedonia. See I Cor. 16:5-7]</n>, so that you could have an additional blessing. <n>[Note: The “blessing” here would be Paul getting to minister to them both before and after visiting Macedonia]</n>.


text:
<n>[I had planned]</n> to visit you on my way to Macedonia and then again on my way back from there, and to have you help me on my journey to Judea. <n>[See I Cor. 16:6]</n>.


text:
So, when I made this decision, was I just vacillating <n>[in uncertainty]</n>? Or, do I make plans in a worldly way <n>[i.e., just to suit my own fancy]</n>, so that my “yes” and “no” <n>[do not really mean anything]</n>?


text:
But just as certainly as God is dependable, our message to you is not <n>[both]</n> “yes” and “no” <n>[at the same time]</n>.


text:
For the Son of God, Jesus Christ, who was proclaimed among you by me, <n>[and]</n> Silvanus <n>[i.e., the same as Silas]</n> and Timothy, was not “yes” and “no” <n>[i.e., both our message and Jesus Himself were not contradictory]</n>, but with Him, it was “yes” <n>[i.e., Jesus consistently spoke the truth]</n>.


text:
For <n>[no matter]</n> how many promises God has made, in Christ <n>[the answer]</n> is “yes” <n>[i.e., Christ has fulfilled all of God’s promises to mankind]</n> Also, through Christ, the “amen” <n>[Note: This word is always translated elsewhere as “May it be so”]</n> can be said by us in order to honor God.


text:
Now God is the One who makes us stand firm with you in <n>[fellowship with]</n> Christ. He has anointed us <n>[Note: “Anointed” here probably refers to selecting, appointing and commissioning people for some form of Christian service. See Luke 4:18]</n>;


text:
He has placed His seal of ownership upon us by giving us the down payment of the Holy Spirit <n>[to live]</n> in our hearts.


text:
But I appeal to God as my witness <n>[i.e., to verify that I am telling the truth]</n>; it was in order to spare you <n>[i.e., from a disciplinary action]</n> that I decided not to return to Corinth.


text:
For we do not have <n>[the right to]</n> rule over your faith <n>[i.e., to dictate concerning your personal relationship with God]</n>, but we want to work with you for your happiness. For you are <n>[already]</n> standing firm in your faith. <n>[Note: This whole narrative alludes to some unresolved problems still existing there in Corinth]</n>


text:
For if I caused you sorrow, who can make me glad except the one I have grieved? <n>[See verse 6]</n>.


text:
And I wrote you this very thing so that when I did come I might not be grieved by those who should make me happy. I had confidence in all of you, that whatever makes me happy <n>[also]</n> makes you happy.


text:
For I wrote to you out of much distress and anguish of heart and with many tears, not in order to grieve you, but that you people might know how very much I love you.


text:
But if anyone has caused grief, he has not done it to me <n>[only]</n>, but to almost all of you <n>[or, “only partially to all of you”]</n> for I do not want to overstate the case.


text:
The punishment inflicted <n>[on him]</n> by the majority of you was sufficient. <n>[Note: If this is a reference to the incestuous man of I Cor. 5:4ff, then the punishment was removing him from their fellowship]</n>.


text:
So instead, you people should <n>[now]</n> forgive and comfort him, in order that such a person does not become overwhelmed with extreme grief.


text:
For this also was my purpose in writing you, that I might test your willingness to obey everything <n>[I required of you]</n>.


text:
Now whomever you forgive <n>[for doing]</n> anything <n>[wrong]</n>, I will forgive also. For indeed, whatever I have forgiven, if I have <n>[actually]</n> forgiven anything, has been for your sakes in the sight of Christ. <n>[Note: Paul seems to be saying “Since my forgiveness depends on your forgiveness of the man, I am not sure of my forgiveness because I am not sure of yours”]</n>.


text:
<n>[I do this]</n> so that Satan cannot take advantage of us, for we are not unaware of his schemes.


text:
Now when I came to Troas <n>[See Acts 16:8]</n>, in order to preach the good news about Christ, and when a door <n>[of opportunity]</n> was opened to me in <n>[the service of]</n> the Lord <n>[there]</n>,


text:
I had no peace of mind because I did not find my brother Titus <n>[there]</n>. So, I said “good-bye” to them and went on to Macedonia.


text:
But I offer thanks to God, who always leads us <n>[preachers]</n> to victory in <n>[the service of]</n> Christ, and through us makes known the “fragrant odor” of His knowledge everywhere.


text:
For we <n>[i.e., through our preaching]</n> are like a fragrant incense which goes up to God, <n>[and spreads the knowledge]</n> of Christ among both saved and lost people.


text:
To lost people <n>[we become]</n> a smell of death <n>[i.e., we bring condemnation to people who reject our message]</n>; to saved people <n>[we become]</n> a fragrance of life <n>[i.e., we bring salvation to people who accept our message]</n>. And who is adequate to <n>[accomplish]</n> such tasks?


text:
For we <n>[apostles]</n> are not like so many people, who “peddle” God’s message merely for profit <n>[or, “who corrupt God’s message”]</n>, but in Christ’s <n>[service]</n> we proclaim the message from God with sincerity, <n>[realizing we are]</n> in the presence of God.


text:
Are we beginning to commend ourselves again <n>[i.e., by saying that we are not like other people]</n>? Or, do we need letters of recommendation to you or from you, as others do?


text:
You people are our letters <n>[of recommendation]</n>, written on our hearts, known and read by everyone.


text:
You people show <n>[i.e., by your conversions]</n> that you are a letter from Christ, delivered by us <n>[i.e., the result of our ministry]</n>, not written with ink but with the Holy Spirit of the living God; not on stone tablets <n>[i.e., as in the case with Moses’ ministry]</n>, but on tablets of the human heart. <n>[See Jer. 31:33; Heb. 8:10]</n>.


text:
<n>[We say this]</n> because we have such confidence in God through<n>[our relationship with]</n> Christ.


text:
It is not that we are <n>[so]</n> competent as to consider anything <n>[we do]</n> as coming from ourselves, but our competence comes from God.


text:
He has also made us competent as ministers of a New Agreement <n>[i.e., between Himself and mankind]</n>. It is not <n>[an agreement]</n> based <n>[merely]</n> on a written document <n>[i.e., such as the Law of Moses]</n>, but on the Holy Spirit, for the written document brings <n>[spiritual]</n> death <n>[See Rom. 8:2]</n>, but the Holy Spirit brings <n>[never ending]</n> life.


text:
But if the ministry <n>[of the law]</n> that brings <n>[spiritual]</n> death, being carved in letters on stones, came with <n>[such]</n> splendor that the Israelites could not look at Moses’ face because of its radiance <n>[See Ex. 34:29-35]</n>, (even though such radiance <n>[eventually]</n> faded away),


text:
will not the ministry of the Holy Spirit <n>[i.e., the New Agreement]</n> have <n>[greater]</n> splendor?


text:
For if the ministry <n>[of the law]</n> that brings condemnation came with splendor, will not the ministry that brings righteousness <n>[i.e., the New Agreement]</n> have greater splendor?


text:
For truly, what once came with splendor <n>[i.e., the Old Agreement]</n> has now lost it in comparison to that which has surpassing splendor <n>[i.e., the New Agreement]</n>.


text:
For if that which was fading away <n>[i.e., the Old Agreement, represented by the Law of Moses]</n> had splendor, how much greater is the splendor of that which remains <n>[i.e., the New Agreement represented by the Gospel]</n>? <n>[Note: In this section Paul uses the analogy of the fading splendor on Moses’ face to the fading splendor of the Old Agreement]</n>.


text:
Therefore, since we have such a hope <n>[i.e., that the Gospel is much superior to the law]</n>, we speak with great boldness,


text:
and are not like Moses, who had to put a veil over his face to keep the Israelites from staring at it as <n>[its]</n> radiance was completely fading away. <n>[Note: The analogy continues by suggesting that the Old Agreement was fading away like the splendor on Moses’ face did]</n>.


text:
But the minds of the Israelites became dull for, to this very day, the same veil remains on them <n>[i.e., figuratively]</n> when the Old Agreement <n>[Scriptures]</n> are read. It is not being revealed to them that the Old Agreement is being abolished by Christ <n>[i.e., by His death on the cross. See Col. 2:14]</n>


text:
But whenever a person <n>[i.e., a Jew]</n> turns to the Lord, the veil is removed <n>[i.e., so they can understand the meaning of God’s promises to them through Christ]</n>.


text:
Now the Lord <n>[i.e., Christ]</n> is the Holy Spirit, and there is freedom <n>[from the bondage of sin and fear]</n> wherever the Spirit of the Lord is.


text:
But all of us <n>[Christians]</n>, with unveiled faces, see the Lord’s splendor reflected, as <n>[though we were]</n> looking in a mirror, and <n>[so]</n> are being transformed into His likeness in ever-increasing splendor. This is <n>[the work]</n> of the Lord, <n>[who is]</n> the Holy Spirit.


text:
Instead, we have renounced <n>[the practice of]</n> secret, disgraceful behavior. We do not practice deception, nor resort to distorting God’s message. But, by making known the truth <n>[i.e., the true message]</n>, we commend ourselves to everyone’s conscience in the presence of God.


text:
For the god of this world <n>[i.e., Satan]</n> has blinded the minds of the unbelievers, so that they would not see the light of the Gospel of the splendor of Christ, who is the image of God.


text:
For we do not preach ourselves, but <n>[we preach]</n> Christ Jesus as Lord, and ourselves as your slaves for Jesus’ sake.


text:
For God, who said <n>[Gen. 1:3]</n>, “Light will shine out of darkness,” has <n>[also]</n> shone in our hearts to provide <n>[us with]</n> the light of the knowledge of God’s splendor <n>[as it shines]</n> on the face of Christ. <n>[Note: This allusion to “splendor shining on Christ’s face” may be a continuation of the analogy used in 3:13]</n>.


text:
But we have this treasure <n>[i.e., the Gospel message]</n> in clay pots <n>[i.e., the mortal bodies of the apostles]</n> to show that the <n>[i.e., its]</n> extraordinary power comes from God and not from us.


text:
We are afflicted in every way, but are not crushed; <n>[we are]</n> perplexed, but not to the point of despair;


text:
<n>[we are]</n> persecuted, but are not deserted <n>[by God]</n>; <n>[we are]</n> struck down, but are not destroyed.


text:
We always carry around in our <n>[physical]</n> bodies the <n>[threat of]</n> dying, as Jesus did <n>[i.e., the apostles were constantly exposed to impending danger and death]</n>, so that the life of Jesus <n>[i.e., His virtue, courage, faithfulness, etc.]</n> may be demonstrated in our bodies <n>[i.e., in the way we live]</n> also.


text:
For while we live, we are always exposed to death for Jesus’ sake <n>[See Rom. 8:36]</n>, so that the life of Jesus may be demonstrated in our mortal bodies <n>[i.e., in our weak and frail human nature]</n>.


text:
So then, <n>[the possibility of physical]</n> death is at work in us, while <n>[spiritual]</n> life is at work in you.


text:
But, we have the same spirit <n>[i.e., type]</n> of faith as that written about <n>[Psa. 116:10]</n>, “I believed <n>[God’s message]</n>, so I spoke.” We also believe <n>[it]</n>, and so we also speak <n>[about it]</n>


text:
We know that God, who raised up the Lord Jesus <n>[from the dead]</n>, will also raise us <n>[apostles]</n> up with Jesus and present us with you people <n>[i.e., in the presence of the Father in heaven]</n>.


text:
For everything <n>[i.e., that we have experienced. See verses 8-12]</n> is for your sakes so that <n>[God’s]</n> unearned favor, being extended to so many, <n>[in bringing them salvation through Paul’s ministry]</n> may result in much thanksgiving in praise to God.


text:
Therefore, we do not get discouraged, for though our physical body is decaying, yet our inner person is being renewed daily.


text:
For our insignificant troubles <n>[here on earth]</n>, which last only a short time, are producing for us an immeasurable, never ending <n>[counter-]</n> weight of splendor <n>[i.e., in heaven. See Rom. 8:18]</n>


text:
So, we do not look at the things which can be seen, but at what cannot be seen, for the things which can be seen are <n>[only]</n> temporary, but the things which cannot be seen are never ending.


text:
For we know that if our earthly “house” <n>[i.e., our physical body]</n> which is like a tent, is torn down, we have <n>[the promise of]</n> a building from God, a never ending “house” in heaven that is not made by human hands.


text:
For indeed, we groan while in this “house,” longing to be covered over by our heavenly dwelling place,


text:
because when we are covered by it, we will not be found naked <n>[i.e., without a suitable dwelling for our body]</n>.


text:
For indeed, we who are in this “tent” groan under its burden, not <n>[wanting]</n> to be uncovered, but to be covered over. Then our mortal body will be swallowed up <n>[i.e., replaced]</n> by <n>[never ending]</n> life.


text:
Now God is the One who has prepared us for this very thing <n>[i.e., the receiving of a new body to live in]</n>. He has <n>[also]</n> given us the Holy Spirit as a down payment. <n>[Note: This refers to the gift of the indwelling Holy Spirit as being a guarantee that we will receive the balance of our inheritance in the form of a new body]</n>.


text:
So, we are always encouraged and know that, while we are at home in our <n>[physical]</n> body, we are away from the Lord,


text:
So, we are also eager to please God very much, whether we are at home <n>[in our body]</n> or away from it.


text:
For we must all appear in front of the judgment bar of Christ, so that each one of us may receive what is due him for what he had done while in his <n>[physical]</n> body <n>[i.e., on earth]</n>, whether it be good or bad.


text:
Since we <n>[apostles]</n> know <n>[what it means]</n> to revere the Lord, we try to persuade people <n>[i.e., to accept the Gospel, or to acknowledge our integrity]</n>. But we are <n>[already]</n> known to God, and I hope that you also know us in your hearts <n>[i.e., to have integrity]</n>.


text:
We are not trying to commend ourselves to you again, but we speak <n>[in such a way as]</n> to give you an occasion to be proud of us, so that you can have an answer for those who take pride in <n>[outward]</n> appearances instead of what is in the heart.


text:
For if we <n>[seem to]</n> be crazy, it is for the sake <n>[of the work]</n> of God, or if we <n>[seem to]</n> be sensible, it is for your benefit.


text:
For Christ’s love for us motivates us, because we have concluded that, <n>[since]</n> one person <n>[i.e., Christ]</n> died for all people, so then all people have died. <n>[Note: This may mean simply that Christ died for all people, who were dead in their sins]</n>.


text:
And Christ died for all people, so that those who are alive should not live for themselves anymore, but for Him who died and rose again for their sakes.


text:
So, from now on we will not regard any person by worldly standards, even though we <n>[once]</n> regarded Christ that way. But we will not regard Him <n>[that way]</n> anymore. <n>[Note: Paul seems to be saying that before his conversion he viewed Christ on the basis of His family, His education, His position, etc., but since his conversion he does not view Him that way anymore]</n>.


text:
Therefore, if any person is in <n>[fellowship with]</n> Christ, he is a new person. His old ways have passed away; now his ways have become new.


text:
All <n>[these]</n> things are from God, who restored us to fellowship with Himself through Christ, and gave us the ministry of restoring <n>[other]</n> people to <n>[such]</n> fellowship.


text:
That is, God was in Christ restoring the world to fellowship with Himself, not counting people’s sins against them. And He entrusted to us the message of restoring people to fellowship <n>[with Him]</n>.


text:
So, we <n>[apostles]</n> are ambassadors, <n>[speaking]</n> on behalf of Christ. <n>[It is]</n> as though God were appealing <n>[to people]</n> through us: “We urge you people, on behalf of Christ, to be restored to fellowship with God.”


text:
God considered Christ to be sinful on our behalf, even though He never sinned, so that we could be considered right with God through Him.


text:
As workers together with God we urge you also, who have received God’s unearned favor, do not allow it to be for nothing,


text:
for God said <n>[Isa. 49:8]</n>, “I listened to you at the right time <n>[i.e., when you needed my favor]</n>, and I helped you on the day of your salvation.” Look, now is the right time <n>[to accept God’s favor]</n>; now is the day of salvation.


text:
<n>[We try]</n> not to place an obstacle in anyone’s way <n>[i.e., to keep them from accepting the Gospel message]</n>, so that our ministry would not be blamed.


text:
But, as ministers of God, we <n>[try to]</n> commend ourselves <n>[to others]</n> in every way. <n>[We do this]</n> by <n>[our]</n> great steadfastness in troubles, hardships and difficulties.


text:
<n>[We have been]</n> beaten, jailed, and mobbed. <n>[We have]</n> worked hard, missed sleep and gone without food.


text:
<n>[We have ministered]</n> with purity, knowledge, patience and kindness. <n>[We have done this]</n> by <n>[the power of]</n> the Holy Spirit; out of genuine love;


text:
by preaching the truth; through the power of God <n>[i.e., possibly including miracles]</n>; and by <n>[using]</n> weapons of righteousness in <n>[our]</n> right and left hands. <n>[Note: This could allude to offensive and defensive weapons and means that Paul was fully equipped to do whatever was right]</n>.


text:
<n>[We have experienced]</n> honor and dishonor; a bad reputation and a good one. <n>[We have been viewed]</n> as deceivers and yet are genuine;


text:
as <n>[both]</n> unknown <n>[to people]</n> and yet well-known; <n>[we have almost]</n> died, and yet as you see, we are still alive; <n>[we have been]</n> punished and yet not killed;


text:
sad and yet always joyous; poor and yet making many people <n>[spiritually]</n> rich; destitute and yet possessing everything.


text:
We are not holding back <n>[our affections]</n> from you, but you are holding back your affections <n>[from us]</n>.


text:
I am speaking to you as my <n>[spiritual]</n> children; open up <n>[your hearts]</n> to me in return.


text:
Do not team up with unbelievers <n>[i.e., in close relationships, such as marriage, etc.]</n> For what do righteousness and wickedness have in common? Or, what fellowship can light have with darkness?


text:
And what harmony can Christ have with Belial? <n>[Note: “Belial” means “worthlessness” and was used for referring to the devil]</n>. Or, what does a believer have in common with an unbeliever?


text:
And what agreement is there between a temple of God and idols? For we are a temple of the living God, just as God said <n>[Lev. 26:12]</n>, “I will live in them and walk among them <n>[i.e., among His people]</n>; and I will be their God and they will be my people.”


text:
Therefore, the Lord says <n>[Isa. 52:11]</n>, “You people should leave their company <n>[i.e., unbelievers, verse 14]</n> and separate yourselves from them, and do not touch anything unclean <n>[i.e., their evil practices]</n>, and I will welcome you.”


text:
The Lord Almighty <n>[also]</n> said <n>[Hos. 1:10]</n>, “I will be a Father to you, and you will be sons and daughters to me.”


text:
<n>[So]</n>, since we have these promises <n>[See 6:16-18]</n>, dear ones, we should purify ourselves from everything that pollutes <n>[our]</n> body and spirit while living lives completely separated <n>[from sin]</n>, out of reverence for God.


text:
<n>[Note: The following section seems to pick up where 6:13 left off]</n>. Make room for us in your hearts. We have not wronged or injured anyone, nor have we taken advantage of anyone.


text:
I am not saying this to condemn you, for <n>[as]</n> I said before, you have such a place in our hearts that we would live or die with you.


text:
I have great confidence in talking to you; I have great pride in you and I am full of encouragement <n>[over you]</n> In all of our troubles I am overflowing with joy.


text:
For even when we came to Macedonia we had no rest for our bodies. But we met with trouble on every hand. <n>[There were]</n> conflicts on the outside and fears within us.


text:
<n>[We were comforted]</n> not only by his presence, but also <n>[by learning]</n> that you comforted him. He <n>[also]</n> told us of your longing and grieving and concern for me, so that made me all the happier.


text:
For even though I caused you sorrow by my letter <n>[Note: Paul’s writing of I Corinthians to correct abuses at Corinth apparently produced sorrow for their wrongdoing]</n>, I do not regret it, though I did regret it. <n>[For]</n> I see that my letter hurt you, though only for a short time.


text:
Now I am glad, not because you were made sorry, but because your sorrow led you to repent. For you were made sorry from a godly motive, so were not harmed by us in any way.


text:
For the sorrow that God desires produces repentance <n>[i.e., a change of heart and life]</n> that leads to salvation, and which brings no regrets. But the sorrow of the world <n>[i.e., sorrow for wrongdoing for reasons unrelated to God or moral principles]</n> produces <n>[spiritual]</n> death.


text:
See how the very fact that you were made sorry from a godly motive has produced earnestness in you! <n>[It produced]</n> a desire to vindicate yourselves <n>[i.e., by making amends for your wrongdoing]</n>; an attitude of just anger <n>[i.e., toward the wrongdoers]</n>; a sense of fear <n>[i.e., a fear of God for doing wrong]</n>; an eager desire <n>[i.e., to do the right thing]</n>; a zeal <n>[i.e., to correct problems]</n>; and an attitude of avenging <n>[i.e., that punished the wrongdoer]</n>. You demonstrated in everything <n>[you did]</n> that you were pure <n>[i.e., innocent]</n> in this matter. <n>[Note: This whole description of their conduct appears to be a reference to the incident mentioned in 2:1- 11]</n>.


text:
So, although I wrote to you, it was not for the sake of the person who did the wrong, nor for the one who was wronged, but so that you could realize before God how devoted to us you are.


text:
So, we have been encouraged, and in addition to <n>[our]</n> encouragement, we were very glad that Titus was so happy <n>[also]</n>, because you had refreshed his spirit.


text:
For if there is anything I have boasted to him about you, you did not cause me to be ashamed of it. But as everything we said to you was true, so our boasting to Titus <n>[about you]</n> proved to be true also.


text:
And he has great affection for you when he remembers how obedient all of you were <n>[i.e., obedient to his or Paul’s instructions to the church]</n>, and how you welcomed him with fear and trembling <n>[i.e., with a respectful, submissive spirit]</n>


text:
<n>[It is]</n> how, in spite of their suffering severe trials, their overflowing joy and extreme poverty produced an overwhelming expression of generosity.


text:
For I testify that they gave <n>[financial help]</n> to the full limit of their ability, yes and even beyond it. <n>[And they did this]</n> entirely on their own,


text:
<n>[even]</n> pleading with us and requesting the privilege of taking part in this service to the saints <n>[i.e., God’s holy people]</n> in Jerusalem. <n>[See also 9:1-15; I Cor. 16:1-2; Rom. 15:25-28]</n>.


text:
And they did not <n>[just]</n> do as we had hoped, but they gave themselves first to the Lord and <n>[then]</n> to us through the will of God.


text:
So, <n>[i.e., because of your enthusiastic response to this need. See verse 10]</n>, we urged Titus, who had previously begun <n>[taking up this collection]</n>, to help you also complete this favorable work <n>[i.e., by finalizing it]</n>.


text:
But just as you excel in everything <n>[else]</n>; in your faith, in your speaking; in your knowledge <n>[Note: Possibly these refer to spiritual gifts. See I Cor. 12:8-10]</n>, in your eagerness <n>[to serve]</n>, and in your love for us, now you people should also excel in this favorable work <n>[i.e., of giving financial help to needy people]</n>.


text:
I am not saying this <n>[to you]</n> as a command, but by telling you how eager others are <n>[to help]</n>, to find out how genuine your love is also.


text:
For you know the unearned favor of our Lord Jesus Christ, <n>[how]</n> that even though He was rich, He became poor for your sakes, so that through His poverty you people could become <n>[spiritually]</n> rich.


text:
Now here is my advice on what is best to do in this matter: Since you were the first ones to begin <n>[taking up a collection]</n> a year ago, <n>[now you should]</n> not only be doing something <n>[about it]</n>, but <n>[you should continue]</n> wanting to do something <n>[as well]</n>.


text:
So, now finish doing it also, so that just as you were eager to want to, you will also <n>[be eager to]</n> finish it, according to your ability.


text:
For if the eagerness is there, <n>[then]</n> whatever a person has <n>[to give]</n> is acceptable, and not what he does not have.


text:
but that there will be equality <n>[i.e., in everyone’s giving]</n>. Your abundance can now supply their need, so that their abundance can <n>[later]</n> supply your need. <n>[That way]</n> there can be equality,


text:
as it is written <n>[Ex. 16:18]</n>, “The person who gathered much <n>[i.e., manna]</n> did not have any left over, and the one who gathered <n>[only]</n> a little <n>[still]</n> had plenty.”


text:
For he not only accepted our urging, but being very diligent himself, he went to you of his own accord <n>[i.e. Titus had wanted to go to Corinth even before being urged to]</n>.


text:
And we have sent <n>[i.e., are sending]</n> with him the brother who is praised throughout all the churches for <n>[his work in]</n> preaching the Gospel <n>[Note: This “brother” cannot be identified with any certainty]</n>.


text:
And not only this, but he was also appointed by the churches to travel with us in <n>[taking]</n> this gift <n>[to Jerusalem]</n> as we minister in order to honor the Lord Himself, and to demonstrate our eagerness <n>[to help poor people]</n>.


text:
<n>[We made this arrangement]</n> to avoid anyone blaming us for the way we handled this generous gift.


text:
For we take measures to do what is honorable, not only in the sight of the Lord, but also in the sight of people.


text:
And we have sent <n>[i.e., are sending]</n> with them our brother <n>[Note: This is a different person from the one mentioned in verse 18]</n>, who has often proven his diligence to us in many ways, and is now proving to be even more diligent because of the great confidence he has in you <n>[i.e., confidence in the Corinthians completing their collection for the poor]</n>.


text:
As for Titus, he is my partner and fellow-worker on your behalf. As for our brothers <n>[i.e., those who will accompany him]</n>, they are the messengers of the churches and an honor to Christ.


text:
<n>[So]</n>, demonstrate in front of the churches evidence of your love <n>[for them]</n> and our reason for boasting about you.


text:
Now it is unnecessary for me to write you about this service to God’s holy people <n>[in Jerusalem, who were in need]</n>.


text:
For I know how eager you <n>[already]</n> are, and I have boasted about you to the Macedonians, that Achaia <n>[Note: This was the southernmost province of Greece, where Corinth was located]</n> has been prepared <n>[to give]</n> since last year. And your enthusiasm has stirred up most of them <n>[to give also]</n>.


text:
But I have sent the brothers <n>[See 8:18, 22]</n>, so that our boasting about you being prepared will not prove to be empty words.


text:
For if any Macedonians come with me and learn that you are not prepared, we, not to mention you, will be ashamed for having been so over confident.


text:
So, I thought it necessary to urge the brothers <n>[See verse 3]</n> to visit you ahead of time and arrange beforehand for your previously promised generous gift. Then it will be ready <n>[when I arrive]</n> as a generously given gift and not as something given grudgingly.


text:
But <n>[remember]</n> this: The person who plants only a few seeds will harvest a meager crop. And the one who plants many seeds <n>[Note: The Greek says, “plants with blessings”]</n> will harvest a bumper crop.


text:
Each person should give what he has decided to in his heart, not grudgingly, nor out of a feeling that he has to, for God loves a cheerful giver.


text:
And God is able to provide you with abundant gifts, so that you will always have plenty of everything, and that you will also have plenty for doing every good deed.


text:
As it is written <n>[Psa. 112:9]</n>, “He has distributed <n>[gifts]</n> widely; he has given to poor people; his generosity will last forever.”


text:
Now God, who provides seeds to the planter and bread for food, will <n>[also]</n> supply, and <n>[even]</n> multiply your seeds for planting, and will increase the harvest of your generosity.


text:
You will be made rich in everything so you can be generous in every way. This will result in people thanking God <n>[for what you have done]</n> through us.


text:
For the rendering of this service not only <n>[fully]</n> meets the needs of the saints <n>[i.e., God’s holy people]</n>, but also produces overflowing expressions of thanksgiving to God from many people.


text:
Because you people have proven <n>[yourselves]</n> by this service, the poor Christians in Jerusalem will praise God for your obedient <n>[spirit]</n> in professing <n>[commitment to]</n> the Gospel of Christ, and for your generous contribution to them and to everyone else.


text:
And when they see the outstanding <n>[evidence of]</n> God’s favor in you, they will pray for you with deep affection <n>[or, “will long to see you”]</n>.


text:
Now I Paul, who am humble <n>[when speaking]</n> face to face with you, but bold when I am away from you, urge you by the meekness and gentleness of Christ <n>[Note: This means either Paul was imitating Christ’s behavior or that the Corinthians were to do so]</n>:


text:
I make this request so that I do not <n>[have to]</n> be bold when I am present <n>[with you]</n>, and feel compelled to speak in an authoritative tone to some people <n>[there]</n> who think we are living by worldly standards.


text:
For although we live in the world <n>[i.e., in a human body]</n>, we do not wage war <n>[i.e., for God and against evil]</n> on a worldly level <n>[i.e., by using the tactics of unsaved people]</n>.


text:
For the weapons of our warfare are not like the world’s <n>[i.e., which rely on human ingenuity and unspiritual principles]</n>, but they are empowered by God to overthrow <n>[Satanic]</n> fortifications.


text:
We overthrow <n>[vain]</n> reasonings and every lofty idea raised against the knowledge of God <n>[i.e., as revealed through the Gospel]</n>, and take captive <n>[our]</n> every thought to <n>[make it]</n> obey Christ.


text:
<n>[And we are]</n> prepared to punish all disobedience when your obedience is complete. <n>[Note: This probably refers to the Corinthian church dealing with its unrepentant member. See I Cor. 5:3-5]</n>.


text:
You people are looking <n>[merely]</n> at the appearance of things <n>[or, “You should look at what is obvious!” In either case, it suggests they were misjudging Paul’s ministry]</n>. If any person is confident within himself that he belongs to Christ, he should reflect on this again: We are just as much Christ’s <n>[servants]</n> as he is.


text:
For even if I should boast too much about the authority the Lord gave us for building you people up <n>[spiritually]</n>, and not tearing you down, I will not be ashamed of it.


text:
For some people are saying, “Paul’s letters are heavy and severe, but in person he is weak <n>[physically (?)]</n> and his speaking ability is unimpressive.”


text:
Such people should consider this: What we say in our letters when we are away is what we will do when we are there.


text:
For we do not dare to classify or compare ourselves with certain people who commend themselves. People who measure their<n>[spiritual]</n> stature by what <n>[they think]</n> they are, and compare their <n>[spiritual]</n> status with their own set of standards, are foolish.


text:
But we will not boast beyond our proper boundaries <n>[Note: This may mean that Paul was not attempting to exercise apostolic authority outside the parameters assigned to him by God]</n>, but will restrict our boasting to the area assigned to us by God as a field of service, which includes you people <n>[there in Corinth]</n>


text:
Now we are not going too far in claiming you as part of our outreach, since we were the first ones to come to you with the Gospel of Christ.


text:
So, we will not go beyond our proper limits by boasting of work <n>[already]</n> done by others, but we hope that, as your faith increases, our field of service among you will <n>[also]</n> greatly expand.


text:
<n>[This is]</n> so we can proclaim the good news <n>[about Christ]</n> even to areas beyond you <n>[Note: Perhaps Paul here alludes to such places as Italy and Spain]</n>, and <n>[thereby]</n> not boast over what has <n>[already]</n> been done in someone else’s field of service.


text:
For it is not the person who commends himself that is approved <n>[by God]</n>, but the one whom the Lord commends.


text:
I wish that you could put up with a little “foolishness” from me, but you really are doing that already.


text:
For I am jealous for you with a godly jealousy, because I promised you in marriage to one husband, that I might present you to Christ as a pure virgin.


text:
But I am afraid that somehow, just as the snake tricked Eve by his cunning, your minds might<n>[also]</n> be led astray from your sincere and pure devotion to Christ.


text:
For if someone comes <n>[to you]</n> proclaiming another “Jesus,” whom we <n>[apostles]</n> had not preached, or if you people receive a different “spirit” from the one you have <n>[already]</n> received, or a different “gospel” from the one you have <n>[already]</n> accepted, you put up with him quite well.


text:
For I consider myself not to be one bit inferior to those “super apostles.” <n>[Note: Paul is referring to his opponents there in Corinth who claimed apostolic authority]</n>.


text:
But even though I am an unpolished speaker, I am not lacking in knowledge. We have made this clear to you in every way.


text:
Or, did I sin by putting myself down in order to build you people up, because I preached the Gospel of God to you without taking <n>[financial]</n> support?


text:
I <n>[virtually]</n> robbed other churches by accepting <n>[financial]</n> support from them in order to serve you.


text:
And when I was there with you and in need, I was not a <n>[financial]</n> burden to anyone, for when the brothers came from Macedonia they provided me with what I lacked, so I kept myself from being a burden to you in every way and will continue to do so.


text:
As sure as the truth of Christ is in my heart, no one will stop me from boasting about this <n>[arrangement]</n> throughout the regions of Achaia. <n>[Note: This was the province where Corinth was located]</n>.


text:
But what I am doing, I will continue to do, so that I can cut off the opportunity from those who want an occasion <n>[to receive financial support for themselves because of my example of receiving it]</n>. They want to boast <n>[that they are preaching]</n> on the same terms as I do. <n>[Note: Paul’s argument seems to be that one reason for his foregoing financial support was so those “super apostles” in Corinth (see verse 5) would not be able to use his example to wrongfully exact financial support from the church]</n>.


text:
For such men are false apostles; they are deceitful workers, who disguise themselves as <n>[true]</n> apostles of Christ.


text:
And it is no wonder, for even Satan disguises himself as an angel of light <n>[i.e., someone pure and righteous]</n>.


text:
Therefore, it should not be surprising for Satan’s ministers to disguise themselves as ministers of righteousness. Their <n>[final]</n> end will be what they deserve for such actions.


text:
Again I say, no one should think I am foolish, but if you do, <n>[then]</n> accept me that way, so that I too can boast a little bit.


text:
What I am saying in this boastful <n>[show of]</n> confidence is not what the Lord would <n>[say]</n>, but is <n>[just plain]</n> “foolishness.”


text:
For you put up with someone, <n>[even]</n> if he enslaves you <n>[i.e., exercises control over your life]</n>; <n>[even]</n> if he takes <n>[unfair]</n> advantage of you; <n>[even]</n> if he acts superior toward you; and <n>[even]</n> if he slaps you in the face.


text:
I am ashamed to say that we were <n>[too]</n> weak to do such things. <n>[Note: Paul is probably saying, sarcastically, “We are too ‘weak’ to take financial advantage of people and mistreat them the way those ‘super apostles’ there in Corinth were doing”]</n>. Yet, in whatever <n>[matters]</n> anyone <n>[there]</n> dares to boast about, (now I am really speaking foolishly), I will dare to boast also.


text:
Are they <n>[i.e., Paul’s opponents there in Corinth]</n> Hebrews? So am I. Are they Israelites? So am I. Are they descendants of Abraham? So am I.


text:
Are they servants of Christ? (I am really talking like a crazy person now). I am more <n>[of a servant, than they are]</n>. I have worked much harder. I have been in prison more often. I have been flogged more severely. I have been in danger of death more frequently.


text:
I was beaten with rods three times. I was stoned once. I suffered shipwreck three times and spent a night and a day in the open water.


text:
I have been on frequent journeys; in danger from rivers; in danger from thieves; in danger from my own people; in danger from the Gentiles; in danger in the city; in danger in the desert; in danger in the ocean; in danger among false brothers.


text:
I have worked and suffered. I have often gone without sleep, been hungry and thirsty, often gone without food <n>[i.e., for spiritual reasons]</n>, been cold and had inadequate clothing.


text:
Besides these <n>[kinds of]</n> things <n>[or, “besides these outward things”]</n>, there is the daily pressure on me of concern for all the churches.


text:
Who is weak, and I do not feel their weakness? Who is led astray <n>[from God]</n>, and I do not burn <n>[i.e., with righteous anger over the one who caused it]</n>?


text:
<n>[When I was]</n> in Damascus <n>[Note: Paul here refers to his conversion. See Acts 9:1ff]</n>, the governor <n>[who served]</n> under King Aretas, was guarding the city of the Damascenes in order to capture me,


text:
but I escaped from his hands by being lowered in a basket through a window in the <n>[city]</n> wall.


text:
Although I must boast about myself <n>[See 11:21-27]</n>, it <n>[really]</n> is not profitable. So, I will go on to <n>[tell about]</n> visions and <n>[inspired]</n> revelations given <n>[to me]</n> from the Lord.


text:
I know a man in <n>[fellowship with]</n> Christ who, fourteen years ago, was taken <n>[literally, “snatched”]</n> up to the third heaven. <n>[Note: The first heaven would be where birds fly; the second where the stars are; and the third where God is]</n>. (I do not know whether he was in his physical body or whether it was an “out­of-the-body” experience, but God knows). <n>[Note: Paul is obviously telling about a personal experience. See verse 7]</n>.


text:
was <n>[actually]</n> taken up into Paradise. <n>[Note: This is the same as the “third heaven” of the previous verse, and was a place in the presence of God. See Luke 23:43; Rev. 2:7]</n>. There he heard inexpressible words which are not permitted for people to repeat.


text:
I will boast on behalf of this person, but I will not boast about myself <n>[anymore]</n>, except about my weaknesses.


text:
However, if I wanted to boast, I would not be a fool, because I would be telling the truth. But I will hold back, so that no one will think more of me than what he sees or hears from me.


text:
But, so that I would not become too conceited over the tremendous revelations <n>[I received]</n>, a “thorn in the flesh” was given to me as a messenger from Satan to torment me. <n>[Note: This “thorn” was probably some physical handicap, possibly defective eyesight. See Gal. 4:14-15; 6:11]</n>.


text:
But God said to me, “My unearned favor is enough for you, for my power is made complete in <n>[your]</n> weakness.” Therefore, I will most gladly boast, so that the power of Christ can rest on me.


text:
So, I am pleased to <n>[endure]</n> weaknesses, insults, hardships, persecutions and difficulties, <n>[all]</n> for Christ’s sake. For when I am weak <n>[physically]</n>, then I am strong <n>[spiritually]</n>.


text:
I have become foolish <n>[i.e., by my boasting]</n>, but you made me do it <n>[i.e., in order to vindicate myself]</n> For I should have been commended by you <n>[i.e., for my effective ministry there in Corinth]</n>, because I was not inferior in any way to those “super apostles” <n>[See 11:5]</n>, even though I am nothing.


text:
Truly, I endured <n>[opposition]</n> patiently, while showing evidence of being an apostle among you. I performed <n>[supernatural]</n> signs, and wonders and powerful miracles.


text:
For in what way were you people inferior to the rest of the churches, unless it was that I was not a <n>[financial]</n> burden to you? Forgive me for this wrong.


text:
Now, this is the third time I have been ready to come to you, and I will not be a<n>[financial]</n> burden to you. For I do not want your possessions but you yourselves, because children should not <n>[have to]</n> save up for their parents, but parents for their children.


text:
So, I will most gladly spend <n>[all I have]</n>, and <n>[even]</n> spend myself for the sake of your souls. If I love you so much, should you love me less <n>[than that]</n>?


text:
So, let it be <n>[said]</n> that I did not become a burden to you. But being a clever person, <n>[some are saying]</n> that I took you in by trickery. <n>[Note: Paul is saying that even though he took no financial support from the church, they are accusing him of taking financial advantage of them through other people]</n>.


text:
I urged Titus <n>[i.e., to go to you to arrange for the special offering. See 8:6]</n>, and I sent the brother with him. <n>[See 8:18]</n>. Did Titus take any <n>[financial]</n> advantage of you? Do we not <n>[both]</n> have the same attitude <n>[in this matter]</n>? Do we not <n>[both]</n> follow the same procedures?


text:
You have been thinking all along that we have been defending ourselves <n>[have you not]</n>? We are <n>[simply]</n> speaking <n>[the truth]</n> before God in <n>[fellowship with]</n> Christ. But everything <n>[we are doing]</n>, dear friends, is to build you up <n>[spiritually]</n>.


text:
For I am afraid that somehow, when I come <n>[to you]</n>, I might not find you the way I want you to be, and you might not find me the way you want me to be. I am afraid there might be quarrelling, jealousy, angry outbursts, factious spirits, slander, gossip, arrogance and <n>[other]</n> disturbances <n>[there]</n>.


text:
I am afraid that, when I come, my God will humiliate me in front of you, and I will be grieved over many <n>[of those]</n> who have sinned in the past without repenting of the <n>[moral]</n> impurity, sexual immorality and unrestrained indecency they have practiced.


text:
This will be my third visit to you. <n>[Deut. 19:15 says]</n>, “Every matter should be settled by the testimony of two or three witnesses.”


text:
I told you the last time I was there, and now before returning, I <n>[again]</n> warn those who have sinned in the past as well as the rest, that if I come again I will not spare you <n>[i.e., I will rebuke and discipline you]</n>,


text:
since you are looking for proof that Christ is speaking through me. Christ is not weak in His dealing with you, but is powerful among you. <n>[Note: Paul probably refers to the positive effects of his ministry there in Corinth]</n>.


text:
For He was weak when He was crucified <n>[i.e., by assuming a human body capable of suffering and death]</n>, but <n>[now]</n> He lives by God’s power. For we too are weak, <n>[along]</n> with Him <n>[i.e., each of us experiences the frailties of a human body]</n>, but by <n>[this same]</n> power from God, we will live with Him to serve you. <n>[Note: The various translations differ widely on how to properly translate this difficult verse]</n>.


text:
Put yourselves to a test; see if you are <n>[really]</n> in the faith <n>[i.e., see if you are genuine Christians]</n>; examine yourselves! Or, do you not realize that Jesus Christ is in your hearts, unless <n>[of course]</n> you fail the test <n>[i.e., unless you are counterfeit Christians]</n>.


text:
Now we pray to God that you people will not do anything wrong. That is not so that we will appear approved <n>[by God]</n>, but so that you will do what is right, even though we may appear to be counterfeits.


text:
For we <n>[apostles]</n> have no power <n>[to act]</n> against the truth, but <n>[only]</n> for the truth. <n>[Note: Paul here alludes to his gifts and ministry being intended only to promote what was right according to God’s truth]</n>.


text:
For we are glad when we are weak and you are powerful. And we are also praying for your complete restoration <n>[i.e., to spiritual maturity]</n>


text:
This is the reason I am writing these things while away from you, so that I will not have to deal severely with you when I am there. For the Lord gave me authority to build people up <n>[spiritually]</n> and not to tear them down.


text:
Finally, brothers, good-bye <n>[or, “be glad”]</n>. Be fully restored <n>[spiritually]</n>. Be comforted <n>[or, “exhort one another”]</n>. Think alike on things. Be at peace among yourselves. And the God of love and peace will be with you.


text:
May the favor of the Lord Jesus Christ, and the love of God, and the fellowship of the Holy Spirit be with all of you.


text:
<n>[This letter is from]</n> Paul, an apostle, (not from <n>[the authority of]</n> men, or through the <n>[agency]</n> of a man, but by <n>[a direct commission from]</n> Jesus Christ and God the Father, who raised Him from the dead).


text:
<n>[It also comes from]</n> all of the brothers who are with me <n>[and is being sent]</n> to the churches of Galatia <n>[i.e., Iconium, Derbe, Lystra and Antioch of Pisidia]</n>.


text:
who gave Himself to <n>[save us from]</n> our sins so that He might deliver us from <n>[the control and condemnation of]</n> this present evil world. <n>[This is]</n> according to the will of our God and Father,


text:
I am astonished that you people are so quickly abandoning God <n>[i.e., by rejecting His truth]</n>, who called you <n>[to Himself]</n> through the unearned favor bestowed <n>[on us]</n> by Christ. <n>[You are turning]</n> to a different “gospel,”


text:
although it is really not a different one, but rather some people are causing you trouble by trying to pervert the <n>[true]</n> Gospel of Christ.


text:
However, if we <n>[apostles]</n> or even an angel <n>[claiming to be]</n> from heaven were to preach any other “gospel” than the one we have <n>[already]</n> preached to you, let that person be cut off from God’s <n>[salvation]</n>.


text:
I repeat what I have already said: If any person preaches to you a “gospel” other than what you have already received <n>[from us apostles]</n>, he should be cut off from God’s <n>[salvation]</n>.


text:
For am I seeking <n>[to gain]</n> the favor of men or of God? Or, am I striving to please people <n>[by what I do]</n>? If I were still <n>[trying]</n> to please people, I would not be a <n>[true]</n> servant of Christ.


text:
For I would like to clarify for you, brothers, the situation regarding the Gospel that I have preached: It did not originate from man.


text:
<n>[Furthermore]</n>, I did not receive this <n>[Gospel message]</n> from any person, nor was I taught it <n>[by anyone]</n>. Instead, it came to me through <n>[a divine]</n> revelation from Jesus Christ.


text:
For you have heard about the way I lived in the past, when I was in the Jewish religion, <n>[that is]</n>, how I mercilessly persecuted the church of God, making havoc of it.


text:
I advanced in the Jewish religion beyond many of my contemporaries among my countrymen. I have been extremely more zealous in advocating the traditions <n>[taught]</n> by my forefathers.


text:
But then it was the good pleasure of God, who set me apart <n>[for this purpose]</n> before I was born, to call me <n>[to this ministry]</n> through His unearned favor.


text:
<n>[And when I was called]</n>, God revealed His Son to me so that I could preach <n>[about]</n> Him to the Gentiles. <n>[When this happened]</n> I immediately avoided discussing the matter with anyone.


text:
I did not go up to Jerusalem to <n>[discuss it with]</n> those who had become apostles before me either; instead I went away into Arabia. <n>[Note: This is probably when Paul received supernatural power from the Holy Spirit]</n>. Then afterward, I returned to Damascus. <n>[Note: This was in Syria where Paul was converted]</n>.


text:
Then, three years later I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas <n>[i.e., Peter]</n>, and stayed with him for fifteen days.


text:
But <n>[on this trip]</n> I did not see any of the other apostles except James, the Lord’s brother. <n>[Note: This “James” was not one of the original twelve apostles. See Matt. 10:2-4]</n>.


text:
<n>[Then after that]</n> I went to the territories of Syria and Cilicia. <n>[Note: Cilicia was where Paul’s home town of Tarsus was located. See Acts 9:30]</n>.


text:
<n>[At this time]</n> I was still unknown personally to churches in <n>[the province of]</n> Judea, which are in <n>[fellowship with]</n> Christ.


text:
They had only heard it said about me, “This person, who had once persecuted us <n>[Christians]</n>, is now preaching the faith he once made havoc of.”


text:
Then, fourteen years later I went up to Jerusalem again,<n>[along]</n> with Barnabas, and I took Titus also with me <n>[thistime]</n>.


text:
<n>[It was]</n> in response to <n>[a divine]</n> revelation that I went <n>[there]</n> and explained to them <n>[i.e., the apostles and elders]</n> the Gospel <n>[message]</n> that I had been preaching among the Gentiles. Then <n>[later on I presented it]</n> privately before those who were highly regarded <n>[i.e., the three apostles, verse 9]</n> so <n>[they would have verification that]</n> my running <n>[i.e., ministry]</n> had not been, nor was now, in vain.


text:
But they did not even require that Titus, a Greek <n>[i . e . , a Gentile]</n> who was with me, become circumcised.


text:
For <n>[certain]</n> false brothers, who were secretly brought in to observe us practicing our liberty in Christ Jesus <n>[i.e., by not having Titus circumcised]</n>, attempted to place us <n>[back]</n> under the bondage <n>[of Mosaic Law keeping]</n>.


text:
But we did not submit ourselves to their influence for even an hour, so that you people might be able to continue <n>[following]</n> the truth of the Gospel.


text:
These apostles, who were highly regarded (although it really does not matter to me what they are, for God does not show partiality to any particular person); these men, I say, provided me with nothing <n>[concern­ing the Gospel message]</n>.


text:
On the contrary, they saw that I had <n>[already]</n> been entrusted <n>[by God]</n> with the Gospel for the uncircumcised ones <n>[i.e., for Gentiles]</n>, just as Peter <n>[had been entrusted by God]</n> with the Gospel for the circumcised ones <n>[i.e., for Jews]</n>.


text:
For God assigned Peter to be an apostle to the circumcised ones <n>[i.e., Jews]</n>, and me to be an apostle to the Gentiles.


text:
Also, when they perceived that this <n>[special]</n> favor <n>[of preaching to Gentiles]</n> was granted to me, James, Cephas <n>[i.e., Peter]</n> and John, the highly regarded pillars <n>[i.e., leaders of the church]</n> extended to me and Barnabas their right hands <n>[signifying an agreement]</n> to share <n>[in the preaching of the Gospel]</n>, with us going to the Gentiles and they going to the circumcised ones <n>[i.e., Jews]</n>.


text:
The only thing that they encouraged us to do was to remember <n>[the needs of]</n> poor people, which I was very eager to do. <n>[See Acts 24:17]</n>.


text:
But when Cephas came to Antioch <n>[of Syria]</n>, I confronted him personally <n>[about a matter]</n> for which he deserved to be condemned.


text:
For, before certain <n>[leaders]</n> came from James <n>[i.e., Jesus’ brother, a leader of the Jerusalem church, See Acts 12:17; 15:13-22]</n>, he had eaten <n>[a social meal]</n> with some Gentiles. But when these men came, he abruptly discontinued this practice out of fear of the circumcised ones <n>[i.e., out of concern for what the Jews would think of him]</n>.


text:
Then the rest of the Jews also discontinued <n>[eating with Gentiles]</n> along with Peter, until even Barnabas was influenced to go along with this hypocritical practice.


text:
But, when I saw that they did not act in harmony with <n>[the principles of]</n> the truth of the Gospel <n>[message]</n>, I said to Cephas in front of everyone, “If you, being a Jew, act like a Gentile <n>[by showing such discrimination]</n>, how do you expect to persuade Gentiles to live like Jews <n>[i.e., like Christian Jews who are taught to love all people]</n>?”


text:
Although we are Jews by natural birth, and not sinful Gentiles <n>[who do not have a relationship with God]</n>,


text:
still we know that a person is not justified <n>[i.e., made right with God]</n> by <n>[perfect obedience to]</n> the Law of Moses, but rather through faith in <n>[the person and work of]</n> Christ. <n>[Knowing this]</n> we have trusted in Christ Jesus <n>[to save us]</n>, so that we might be made right with God by trusting in Him and not by <n>[our compliance with]</n> the requirements of the Law of Moses. Because by such law-compliance no one can be made right with God.


text:
But, if while we were trying to be made right with God through a relationship with Christ, we were discovered to still be sinners <n>[by acting like unsaved Gentiles]</n>, does that mean Christ is responsible for our sin? Of course not.


text:
For if I try to build up again what I had already destroyed <n>[i.e., by returning to depend on compliance with the Law of Moses to become right with God, after having rejected this system by trusting in Christ to save me]</n>, I would certainly be guilty of sin.


text:
For it was by means of <n>[this system of]</n> law-keeping that I <n>[realized I]</n> was dead. This was so I could find life through a relationship with God.


text:
I have been crucified <n>[i.e., died]</n> with Christ, and so I am not the one who lives <n>[anymore]</n> but rather, it is Christ who lives in my heart. And <n>[now]</n> my entire life is being lived by trusting in the Son of God <n>[to save and keep me]</n>, because He loved me and gave Himself up for me.


text:
<n>[In doing this]</n> I am not trying to disregard God’s unearned favor, for if a person could become right with God by <n>[perfect obedience to the requirements of]</n> the Law of Moses, then Christ died for nothing.


text:
You foolish people <n>[of the churches]</n> of Galatia <n>[Note: This was a province in present-day Turkey]</n>, who tricked you? Was not Jesus Christ graphically portrayed before you as being put to death on a cross?


text:
The only thing I would like to learn from you is this: Did you receive the Holy Spirit <n>[into your lives]</n> by <n>[meeting the requirements of]</n> the Law of Moses or by hearing <n>[and obeying the message]</n> of faith <n>[in Christ]</n>?


text:
Are you so foolish <n>[as to believe that after]</n> having begun <n>[your Chris­tian lives]</n> through <n>[the power of]</n> the Holy Spirit, you can <n>[now]</n> become complete by <n>[living according to your human strength]</n>?


text:
Did you suffer so many things <n>[for the faith]</n> all for nothing? <n>[That is]</n>, if it really was for nothing?


text:
Therefore, as God has provided you with the Holy Spirit and has produced miracles among you, <n>[do you think He has done all this]</n> as a result of your obeying the requirements of the Law of Moses or as a result of hearing <n>[and responding to the message of]</n> the faith?


text:
<n>[An example of this is]</n> Abraham, who believed God’s <n>[promise]</n> and <n>[because of such faith]</n> he was considered right with God.


text:
And, predicting that God would consider the Gentiles right with Him by <n>[their]</n> faith, the Scriptures previously recorded <n>[this promise of]</n> the Gospel to Abraham by saying <n>[Gen. 12:3]</n>, “All nations will receive a blessing through your descendant <n>[i.e., Jesus]</n>.”


text:
So then, all those who have faith <n>[in Jesus]</n> receive a blessing along with Abraham, a man of faith.


text:
For all who seek to be right with God by trying to meet all the requirements of the Law of Moses are under a curse <n>[from God]</n>, because it is written <n>[Deut. 27:26]</n>, “Every person is cursed <n>[i.e., cut off from God]</n> who does not continue to obey all of the requirements written in the Law of Moses.”


text:
Now it is evident that no person can be made right with God by <n>[obeying all the requirements of]</n> the Law of Moses for <n>[Hab. 2:4 says]</n>, “The righteous person will obtain life by <n>[his]</n> faith <n>[in God]</n>.”


text:
Now the Law of Moses is not based on one’s faith, for <n>[Lev. 18:5 says]</n>, “The person who obeys the requirements of the Law of Moses will obtain life by doing so.”


text:
Christ bought us back from the curse <n>[caused by our not obeying all the requirements]</n> of the Law of Moses; He became a curse for us <n>[by dying on the cross]</n>, for it is written <n>[Deut. 21:23]</n>, “Every one who hangs on a tree <n>[i.e., a cross]</n> is cursed <n>[i.e., cut off from God]</n>.”


text:
<n>[This happened]</n> so that the blessing <n>[promised]</n> to Abraham might be received by the Gentiles through <n>[the person and work of]</n> Christ, so that we might receive the promised <n>[gift of the]</n> Holy Spirit through <n>[our]</n> faith <n>[in Jesus]</n>.


text:
Brothers, I will use an illustration from the way people deal with each other: Even though an agreement is made between people, once it is finally settled, no one can cancel it or include additional provisions to it.


text:
Now <n>[specific]</n> promises were made to Abraham and to his seed <n>[i.e., descendants]</n>. <n>[God]</n> did not say “seeds” <n>[plural]</n> as though He were referring to many persons but “seed” <n>[singular]</n> showing that He meant one <n>[descendant]</n>; <n>[Gen. 13:15 says]</n> “and to your seed,” referring to Christ.


text:
Here is what I am saying: The Agreement originally made by God <n>[with Abraham]</n>, with its attending promises, was not canceled when the Law of Moses was given some four hundred and thirty years later.


text:
For if the inheritance <n>[of never ending life]</n> can be obtained by <n>[obeying the requirements of]</n> the Law of Moses, it would not come from the promise <n>[of God]</n>; but God provided <n>[this inheritance]</n> for Abraham according to <n>[His]</n> promise.


text:
What then is <n>[the benefit of]</n> the Law of Moses? It was introduced <n>[as part of God’s revelation]</n> in order to define what sin was, until the seed <n>[i.e., Jesus]</n> would come, to whom the promise <n>[of never ending life]</n> was made. The Law of Moses was ordained through <n>[the medium of]</n> angels and <n>[delivered]</n> through the hand of an intermediary <n>[i.e., Moses]</n>.


text:
Now an intermediary does not serve in a situation involving <n>[only]</n> one person. However, God is one <n>[Being]</n>.


text:
Is the Law of Moses contrary to the promises of God? Certainly not! For if there had been a law given which could provide <n>[never ending]</n> life, then a person could be considered right with God by <n>[obeying the requirements of such]</n> a law.


text:
But the Scriptures indicate that everything <n>[i.e., everyone]</n> is under the control of sin, so that the promise <n>[of never ending life]</n> could be available <n>[only]</n> to those who have faith in Jesus Christ.


text:
But before faith <n>[in Christ]</n> became available, we <n>[Jews]</n> were kept in bondage under <n>[condemnation for not obeying perfectly]</n> the Law of Moses. <n>[This condition existed]</n> until the faith <n>[i.e., the Gospel message]</n> was made known <n>[to people]</n>.


text:
So, the Law of Moses became like our “transportation to school,” bringing us to <n>[the school of]</n> Christ where we <n>[learn how to be]</n> made right with God by faith <n>[in Christ]</n>.


text:
But now that faith <n>[in Christ]</n> has become available, we are no longer in need of this “transportation to school.”


text:
For all of you who were immersed into <n>[a relationship with]</n> Christ have been clothed with Him <n>[i.e., His life]</n>.


text:
<n>[In this relationship]</n> there is to be no <n>[distinction between]</n> Jews or Greeks <n>[i.e., Gentiles]</n>, slaves or free persons, men or women; for all of you are united into one <n>[body]</n> because of your relationship with Christ Jesus.


text:
And if you belong to Christ, then you are <n>[truly]</n> Abraham’s seed <n>[i.e., his spiritual descendants]</n> and thereby <n>[you will]</n> inherit what was promised to him <n>[i.e., God’s blessings]</n>.


text:
But as long as the person who has an inheritance coming to him is a child, he is really no better off than a slave, even though he himself is <n>[rightfully]</n> entitled <n>[to the inheritance]</n>.


text:
He is <n>[still]</n> under <n>[the direction of]</n> guardians and managers <n>[of his affairs]</n> until the day his father decides <n>[to give him his inheritance]</n>.


text:
So also, when we <n>[Jews]</n> were like children, we were under bondage to the basic worldly rules <n>[of the Law of Moses]</n>.


text:
But, when <n>[God’s]</n> timing fully arrived, He sent His Son, born to a woman <n>[i.e., Mary]</n>, born during <n>[the time when]</n> the Law <n>[of Moses was still in effect]</n>,


text:
so that He could buy back <n>[from Satan]</n> those who were <n>[still]</n> under <n>[obligation to]</n> the Law of Moses, and that we could become adopted children.


text:
And because you are <n>[His]</n> children, God sent the Holy Spirit of His Son into our hearts, to call out, “Abba,” <n>[which means]</n> “Father.”


text:
So <n>[now]</n>, you are no longer a slave but a child, and since you are a child, you also will receive an inheritance through <n>[the blessings of]</n> God.


text:
At that time, when you did not know God <n>[as your Father]</n>, you were in bondage to those who were, by nature, not really gods at all.


text:
But now that you have come to know God <n>[as your Father]</n>, or rather, to be known by Him <n>[as His children]</n>, how can you turn back again to the weak, cheap, elementary teachings <n>[of the Law of Moses]</n>, to which you <n>[seem to]</n> desire to become enslaved?


text:
You are observing <n>[certain]</n> days, and months, and seasons, and years <n>[as binding religious holidays]</n>.


text:
I am afraid for you, <n>[i.e., for your spiritual safety]</n>, that possibly I may have spent a lot of effort on your behalf for nothing.


text:
I urge you, brothers, become like me <n>[in this matter]</n>, for I have become like you. You did not do anything wrong to me, <n>[even as I have not wronged you]</n>.


text:
But you are aware <n>[I am sure]</n> that when I first came preaching the Gospel <n>[message]</n> to you, I had a physical handicap.


text:
And when you could have been tempted to look down on me <n>[because of the nature of my affliction]</n>, instead you welcomed me as <n>[if I were]</n> an angel, or even Christ Jesus Himself!


text:
Now where are those good feelings you had for me? For I can <n>[honestly]</n> testify that <n>[at one time]</n> you would have even gouged out your eyes and given them to me <n>[for sight]</n> if that had been possible.


text:
So then, have I <n>[now]</n> become your enemy because I have told you the truth <n>[about your condition]</n>?


text:
Certain people are showing quite an interest in you, but it is not for your benefit. Instead, they are trying to separate you <n>[from me]</n>, in hope that you will seek them out <n>[for help]</n>.


text:
Now, it is fine for someone to want to seek you out anytime, if it is for a good purpose, and not just when I am around <n>[to be impressed]</n>.


text:
My little children <n>[i.e., dear ones]</n>, I am again deeply pained <n>[as a woman in childbirth]</n> over your <n>[spiritual]</n> condition, until <n>[the life of]</n> Christ becomes formed in your character.


text:
But I would like to be present with you and change the tone <n>[of my remarks]</n>, because I am very distressed over your condition.


text:
Tell me, those of you who desire to be under <n>[obligation to the requirements of]</n> the Law of Moses: Are you really paying attention to what the Law of Moses says?


text:
For it is written in the law about Abraham’s two sons <n>[Gen. 16]</n>; one <n>[was]</n> by his slave woman <n>[Hagar]</n> and the other by the free woman, <n>[his wife, Sarah]</n>.


text:
Now the son <n>[Ishmael]</n>, born to the slave woman, was born simply of their natural relationship; but the son <n>[Isaac]</n>, born to the free woman, was born in fulfillment of a <n>[divine]</n> promise.


text:
This set of circumstances contains an illustration; for these two women <n>[Hagar and Sarah]</n> represent the two Agreements <n>[between God and mankind]</n>. The one <n>[Agreement]</n>, given at Mount Sinai, represents Hagar, whose children became <n>[the Israelites]</n>, enslaved under bondage <n>[to the requirements of the Law of Moses]</n>.


text:
Now this woman, Hagar, is similar to Mount Sinai, in Arabia, and represents the present <n>[earthly]</n> Jerusalem <n>[i.e., Israel]</n>, consisting of children in bondage <n>[to the Law of Moses]</n>.


text:
But the heavenly Jerusalem <n>[Heb. 12:22]</n> consists of free people, and is the mother of us <n>[Christians]</n>.


text:
For it is written <n>[Isa. 40:1]</n>, “<n>[Woman]</n> you should be happy that you have not had children. Cry over your inability to experience the pain of childbirth. For the deserted woman has had more children than the one with a husband.”


text:
Now, brothers, you <n>[Christians]</n> are children of the promise <n>[made to Abraham. See 3:29]</n> just like Isaac, <n>[Abraham’s son]</n> was.


text:
But, just as it was then --- the son born in the ordinary way <n>[i.e., Ishmael]</n> persecuting the one born according to the Holy Spirit’s <n>[leading, i.e., Isaac]</n> --- so it is now <n>[i.e., Jews urging compliance with the requirements of the Law of Moses persecuting those who refuse to return to dependence on that law for salvation. See 3:1-3]</n>.


text:
What does the Scripture say about this matter? <n>[It says, Gen. 21:10-12]</n>, “Get rid of the slave woman <n>[Hagar]</n>, with her son <n>[Ishmael]</n>; for the son of the slave woman <n>[Ishmael]</n> will not inherit <n>[what God promised to Abraham and his descendants]</n>, along with the son of the free woman <n>[i.e., Isaac]</n>.”


text:
Therefore, brothers, we <n>[Christians]</n> are not the <n>[spiritual]</n> children of the slave woman <n>[Hagar]</n> but of the free woman <n>[Sarah]</n>.


text:
Christ set us free <n>[from condemnation under the Law of Moses]</n>, so we could stay free! Remain where you are then, and do not get tangled up again in the enslaving harness <n>[of the Law of Moses]</n>.


text:
Look, I Paul am telling you that, if you revert to <n>[the practice of]</n> circumcision <n>[i.e., the Jewish rite of identity, signifying the responsibility to observe the Law of Moses]</n>, then Christ’s <n>[sacrifice]</n> will be of no value to you.


text:
Yes, I declare to every person who attempts to require circumcision <n>[as a means of gaining acceptance with God]</n>, that he must also obey everything else required by the Law of Moses.


text:
Those of you who seek to be right with God by observing the requirements of the Law of Moses have severed yourselves from <n>[your relationship with]</n> Christ; you have fallen away from God’s unearned favor.


text:
For we are waiting for the hope <n>[to be fulfilled]</n> of being made right with God by <n>[the power of]</n> the Holy Spirit.


text:
For in <n>[our relationship with]</n> Christ neither the practice of circumcision nor refraining from its practice matters in any way; but <n>[all that really matters is having a genuine]</n> faith <n>[in Christ]</n> that causes us to work <n>[for Him]</n> out of a genuine love <n>[for Him and others]</n>.


text:
You <n>[Christians]</n> were running <n>[the race of life]</n> well; who hindered you <n>[from making further progress]</n> so that <n>[now]</n> you are no longer obeying the truth?


text:
<n>[Your]</n> being persuaded <n>[to do this]</n> was not motivated by God, who called you <n>[into His fellowship]</n>.


text:
A little bit of yeast permeates the whole batch of dough <n>[i.e., a few people can influence everyone else to do the wrong thing in this matter]</n>.


text:
<n>[However]</n>, I have confidence in you, since we both have a relationship with the Lord, that you will not think differently <n>[than I do]</n> about this matter. But whoever is causing you trouble will be rightfully judged <n>[and punished]</n> for it.


text:
But, brothers, if I were still preaching <n>[that a person had]</n> to be circumcised, why am I being persecuted? <n>[Note: Paul’s argument seems to be “I must not be preaching circumcision since I am being persecuted by those who believe in it”]</n>. <n>[If I preached that a person had to be circumcised]</n> then my preaching that Christ died on the cross would not be such an offense <n>[to those who believe in it]</n>.


text:
I wish that those who are causing such a problem over wanting people to be circumcised would just mutilate themselves <n>[while they are at it!]</n>.


text:
For you brothers were called <n>[by God]</n> to enjoy your freedom; but do not use this freedom as an excuse for living a sinful life; instead, use it to render loving service to each other.


text:
For the whole Law of Moses can be fulfilled by <n>[obeying this]</n> one requirement <n>[Lev. 19:18]</n>: “You should love your neighbor the way you love yourself.”


text:
But if you <n>[unlovingly]</n> bite and eat one another <n>[i.e., figuratively]</n>, be careful that you do not totally consume one another.


text:
But, I am saying to you, live in harmony with the Holy Spirit’s <n>[desire for you]</n> and <n>[then]</n> you will not <n>[always]</n> be giving in to the wrong desires of your body.


text:
For what your body wants is in conflict with what the Holy Spirit wants <n>[for you]</n>, and what the Holy Spirit wants conflicts with what your body wants, for these <n>[two desires]</n> are contrary to one another, so that you do not <n>[always]</n> do what you <n>[really]</n> want to.


text:
But, if you are led by <n>[what]</n> the Holy Spirit <n>[wants you to do]</n>, you are not under <n>[obligation to meet the requirements of]</n> the Law of Moses.


text:
Now those things done by the sinful, physical nature <n>[of a person]</n> are evident; they are these: sexual immorality, moral impurity, indecent conduct,


text:
idol worship, occultic practices, hatefulness, dissension, jealousy, angry outbursts, factious spirits, divisiveness, party spirits,


text:
envy, drunkenness, orgies, and things like these. I warn you again, as I have done before, that those people who practice such things will not inherit the kingdom of God.


text:
But the fruit produced by the Holy Spirit is love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, generosity, faithfulness,


text:
And those persons who belong to Christ Jesus have crucified <n>[i.e., put out of their lives, Col. 3:4ff]</n> the sinful cravings of the body, along with their passionate desires.


text:
If we live by the <n>[guidance of the]</n> Holy Spirit, we should also walk in <n>[the ways of]</n> the Holy Spirit.


text:
Brothers, if any one of you is overwhelmed by a <n>[particular]</n> sin, those of you who are spiritually minded should <n>[attempt to]</n> restore such a person <n>[to faithfulness]</n>. But do it in a gentle way, being very careful that you yourself do not become tempted <n>[to get involved in any sin]</n>.


text:
Take on yourselves the <n>[spiritual]</n> burdens of one another, for in doing so you will be fulfilling Christ’s law <n>[of love, John 13:35]</n>.


text:
For any person who thinks he is someone <n>[important]</n>, when he is really nothing, is self-deceived.


text:
But let each person test his own accomplishments so that he can determine if he should get credit for them or if his neighbor should.


text:
But the person who is taught the word <n>[of God]</n> should provide his teacher with what he needs.


text:
Do not be deceived; God will not be fooled. Whatever a person does with his life, he will reap <n>[the results of it]</n>.


text:
If he engages in things to satisfy his own sinful desires, he will be <n>[spiritually]</n> destroyed for such conduct, but the one who engages in things to please the Holy Spirit will receive never ending life through the <n>[same]</n> Spirit <n>[as a result]</n>.


text:
And we should not become tired of doing good things, for eventually we will receive <n>[never ending life]</n> if we do not give up.


text:
So then, we should do the right thing toward every person whenever we have the opportunity, and especially toward people who are part of God’s family <n>[i.e., those making up “the faith”]</n>.


text:
Those who attempt to make a good impression by trying to force you to be circumcised really want only to avoid being persecuted for their commitment to Christ.


text:
For not even those who practice circumcision comply with <n>[the requirements of]</n> the Law of Moses, yet they want you to be circumcised so they can take credit for this physical evidence <n>[of your compliance with the Law of Moses]</n>.


text:
But the last thing I want to do is brag <n>[about such things]</n>. For <n>[if I had any bragging to do at all]</n>, it would be about <n>[salvation through]</n> the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ, for it is through Him that this <n>[sinful]</n> world has been crucified <n>[i.e., died]</n> as far as I am concerned and I have been crucified <n>[i.e., died]</n> as far as it is concerned.


text:
For it does not matter whether a person practices circumcision or refrains from practicing it; what really matters is <n>[whether or not he is]</n> a new creature <n>[in the eyes of God]</n>.


text:
To all those people who live by this rule, may there be peace and mercy <n>[from God]</n> in their lives; that is, upon <n>[those people who are truly]</n> God’s “Israel” <n>[i.e., the church]</n>.


text:
From now on no one should harass me <n>[about such matters]</n> for I carry around on my body the scars <n>[left there in my service]</n> for Christ.


text:
<n>[This letter is from]</n> Paul, an apostle of Christ Jesus, according to God’s will, <n>[and is being sent]</n> to the saints <n>[i.e., God’s holy people]</n> at Ephesus <n>[Note: This was a major city in the western province of Asia Minor, and is now a part of Turkey. The words “at Ephesus” are omitted in some manuscripts, suggesting it was a circular letter]</n>, and the faithful ones in <n>[fellowship with]</n> Christ Jesus <n>[everywhere else (?)]</n>.


text:
May the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ be praised, for He has blessed us with every spiritual blessing in the heavenly realms in <n>[fellowship with]</n> Christ. <n>[Note: The phrase “heavenly realms” is used somewhat differently throughout this book. Here it refers to Christians as part of the church on earth]</n>.


text:
Even before the creation of the world God chose us, who are in <n>[fellowship with]</n> Christ, to be dedicated <n>[to Him]</n> and to be without just blame in His sight. Out of love


text:
God predetermined that we should be <n>[considered]</n> His adopted children through <n>[fellowship with]</n> Christ. This is what pleased God and is what He wanted,


text:
so that we would praise His glorious, unearned favor, which was freely given to us through the One whom God loved <n>[i.e., Christ]</n>.


text:
In <n>[fellowship with]</n> Christ we have redemption <n>[i.e., we have been bought back from Satan]</n> through His blood, and have forgiveness of sins according to the abundance of God’s unearned favor,


text:
in doing what He intended through Christ, to make known to us His secret plan, according to what pleased Him.


text:
<n>[He did this]</n> to fulfill His plan at the proper time, by bringing together everything <n>[in the universe]</n> under Christ’s headship --- things both in heaven and on earth.


text:
It is in <n>[fellowship with]</n> Christ that we <n>[Jewish Christians]</n> also were selected as <n>[God’s]</n> inheritance <n>[i.e., to receive His never ending blessings]</n>, having been predetermined according to the plan of God, who works out everything in harmony with what He wants.


text:
The end <n>[i.e., of being so predetermined]</n> was that we <n>[Jewish Christians]</n>, who had previously placed our hope in Christ, should bring about the praise of God’s splendor.


text:
You <n>[Gentiles]</n> also, who are in Christ, after having heard the message of truth, the good news about your salvation, and <n>[after]</n> believing in Him, were sealed <n>[i.e., as evidence of ownership]</n> with the promised Holy Spirit. <n>[or, “the Holy Spirit who brings promises”]</n>.


text:
He is a down payment of our inheritance, until God’s own possession <n>[i.e., His people]</n> receives redemption. <n>[Note: Here “redemption” refers to receiving a new body in heaven]</n>. May this bring about praise to God’s splendor!


text:
For this reason also, since I heard about your faith in the Lord Jesus and your love for all of the saints <n>[i.e., God’s holy people]</n>,


text:
that the God of our Lord Jesus Christ, the glorious Father, will give you a spirit <n>[i.e., a disposition]</n> of wisdom and revelation <n>[or, “give you the spiritual gifts of wisdom and revelation”]</n>, so you can have full knowledge of God.


text:
I pray that your minds will be enlightened so that you will know what the hope is, to which God has called you, and what the glorious abundance is, of God’s inheritance in the saints <n>[Note: Paul wanted them to appreciate the value God placed on them]</n>,


text:
and what God’s tremendous power <n>[working]</n> in us believers is. <n>[This power is]</n> the same as that utilized by God’s mighty strength,


text:
which He exerted when raising Christ from the dead and seating Him at His right side in the heavenly realms <n>[i.e., heaven itself]</n>.


text:
<n>[There He is exalted]</n> high above all rulers and authorities and powers and dominion and every name <n>[i.e., title of honor]</n> that can be given, not only in this present age but <n>[also]</n> in the one to come.


text:
And God placed everything in subjection under His <n>[i.e., Christ’s]</n> feet, and appointed Him to be head over all things to the church,


text:
which is His <n>[spiritual]</n> body. The church is completely filled by Christ <n>[or, “Christ is completely filled by God”]</n>, who completely fills everything in every way.


text:
And you <n>[Gentiles]</n> were once <n>[spiritually]</n> dead because of your shortcomings and sins.


text:
You practiced such things when you lived according to the evil ways of this world, and according to the ruler of the <n>[spiritual]</n> powers of the air. <n>[Note: This refers to Satan, whose influence permeates life around us]</n>. He is the <n>[evil]</n> spirit who is now at work in people who are disobedient <n>[to God]</n>.


text:
All of us <n>[Jews]</n> also once lived among such people, fulfilling the improper cravings of our physical being and doing what our bodies and minds desired. In this natural <n>[unconverted]</n> state we were deserving of <n>[God’s]</n> wrath, just like the rest <n>[of mankind]</n>.


text:
restored <n>[spiritual]</n> life to us with Christ, even though we were <n>[spiritually]</n> dead because of our sins --- it is by God’s unearned favor that you have been saved.


text:
God raised us up with Christ <n>[See Col. 2:12]</n> and seated us with Him in the heavenly realms <n>[i.e., in the church. See 1:3]</n> in <n>[fellowship with]</n> Christ Jesus.


text:
This was so that, to future ages <n>[of people on earth and in heaven]</n>, God could demonstrate the tremendous abundance of His unearned favor, expressed by His kindness to us in <n>[fellowship with]</n> Christ Jesus.


text:
For you have been saved by God’s unearned favor, through <n>[your]</n> faith, and that <n>[salvation]</n> was not the result of your own doing; it was the gift from God.


text:
It was not the result of your own <n>[good]</n> deeds <n>[See Titus 3:5]</n>, so that no one could boast <n>[about it]</n>.


text:
For we <n>[Christians]</n> are the product of God’s workmanship, <n>[re-]</n> created in <n>[fellowship with]</n> Christ Jesus for <n>[the purpose of]</n> doing good deeds. God had previously determined that this should be our practice.


text:
So, you Gentiles by birth should remember what you once were. You are called “Uncircumcision” by those who are called “Circumcision” <n>[i.e., the Jews]</n>, (which refers to a physical procedure performed by people).


text:
<n>[Remember]</n> that you were at that time without Christ; <n>[you were]</n> excluded from citizenship in the nation of Israel; <n>[you were]</n> foreigners regarding the Agreements of <n>[God’s]</n> promises. You had no hope and were without God in the world.


text:
But now <n>[that you are]</n> in <n>[fellowship with]</n> Christ, you <n>[Gentiles]</n>, who were once far away <n>[from God]</n>, have been brought near <n>[to Him]</n> through the blood of Christ.


text:
For Christ is <n>[the source of]</n> our peace. He made both <n>[Jews and Gentiles]</n> one people, and broke down the barrier wall of hostility that divided them,


text:
by abolishing in His fleshly body the <n>[entire Jewish]</n> law of commandments contained in decrees. <n>[This was]</n> so that He could create in <n>[unity with]</n> Himself one new person <n>[i.e., the church]</n> out of the two peoples <n>[i.e., Jews and Gentiles]</n>, thereby bringing about peace <n>[between them]</n>.


text:
<n>[This was also intended]</n> to reestablish harmony between both of these peoples and God in <n>[this]</n> one body, through <n>[Christ’s death on]</n> the cross. By doing this He put to death the hostility <n>[between them]</n>.


text:
And Christ came and preached peace to you <n>[Gentiles]</n>, who were far away <n>[from God]</n>, and peace to those <n>[Jews]</n> who were near <n>[to Him]</n>.


text:
For through Him we <n>[Jews and Gentiles]</n> both have access to the Father by means of one Holy Spirit.


text:
So then, you <n>[Gentiles]</n> are no longer foreigners and aliens <n>[i.e., to God’s promises. See verse 12]</n>, but you are fellow-citizens with the saints <n>[i.e., God’s holy people]</n>, and are part of God’s family.


text:
<n>[You are]</n> built on the foundation of the apostles and prophets <n>[See I Cor. 12:28]</n>, with Christ Jesus Himself being the principal stone by which the entire building is aligned.


text:
In <n>[harmony with]</n> Him the entire building <n>[i.e., the church]</n> is properly assembled, rising into a dedicated temple for the Lord. <n>[See I Cor. 3:16-17]</n>.


text:
In <n>[harmony with]</n> Him you people are also being constructed together into a place where God lives by His Spirit.


text:
This is the reason that I, Paul, the prisoner of Christ Jesus on behalf of you Gentiles, <n>[pray for you. See 3:14-19]</n>.


text:
<n>[Note: Paul here digresses from his prayer, begun in 1:15-16, to explain the circumstances of his being a prisoner on behalf of these Gentiles]</n>. <n>[I assume]</n> you have heard about my commission <n>[to minister]</n> to you, which was given to me by God’s unearned favor.


text:
<n>[It is]</n> that God’s secret plan <n>[i.e., revealed in the Gospel preached to Gentiles. See verse 6]</n> was made known to me by way of a revelation. <n>[See Acts 9:15; 22:21]</n>. I have already written to you <n>[about this]</n> briefly <n>[i.e., probably a reference to 1:9ff]</n>.


text:
which was not told to people of previous generations as it has now been revealed to His <n>[i.e., Christ’s]</n> holy apostles and prophets by the Holy Spirit.


text:
This secret plan is that the Gentiles <n>[now]</n> share in the inheritance along with us <n>[Jews]</n>, and are fellow-members of the body <n>[i.e., the church]</n>, and that they share, along with us <n>[Jews]</n>, in the promise of the Gospel, in <n>[fellowship with]</n> Christ Jesus.


text:
I was made a minister <n>[of the Gospel]</n> according to the gift of God’s unearned favor, which was given to me according to the working of His power.


text:
This favor of preaching the unfathomable riches of Christ to the Gentiles was given to me <n>[even though]</n> I am the least significant of all saints <n>[i.e., God’s holy people]</n>.


text:
<n>[I was given the responsibility]</n> to enlighten all people regarding the working out of God’s secret plan, which has been kept hidden for ages in <n>[the heart of]</n> God, who created everything.


text:
This was done so that now God’s many-sided wisdom could be made known through the church, to the rulers and authorities in the heavenly realms <n>[Note: “Heavenly realms” here refers to the world around us, where these angelic beings (good or bad) view the unfolding of God’s wonderful plan]</n>,


text:
It is in <n>[fellowship with]</n> Christ that we have boldness and confident access <n>[to God]</n> through our faith in Him.


text:
So, I am asking you people not to become discouraged over my sufferings on your behalf, for they are for your benefit <n>[eventually]</n>.


text:
from whom every family in heaven and on earth receives its name. <n>[Note: Here Paul resumes the prayer he began in verse 1]</n>.


text:
<n>[I pray]</n> that, according to God’s glorious abundance, He would empower you to become <n>[spiritually]</n> strong through His Holy Spirit in your inner person,


text:
so that Christ will live in your hearts through faith. <n>[I pray]</n> that you will be rooted and grounded in <n>[your]</n> love,


text:
so that you, along with all the saints <n>[i.e., God’s holy people]</n>, will be <n>[spiritually]</n> strong enough to grasp how wide and long and high and deep <n>[Christ’s love is]</n>;


text:
and to know that His love for us surpasses <n>[our]</n> knowledge, so that you people will be completely filled with the fullness of God.


text:
May there be to God, who is able to do infinitely more <n>[for us]</n> than we could <n>[even]</n> ask or think, according to <n>[His]</n> power at work in us ---


text:
<n>[I say]</n> may there be praise to God in the church and in <n>[or, “for”]</n> Christ Jesus throughout all generations of people for ages and ages. May it be so.


text:
I urge you, therefore, as a prisoner of the Lord, to live in a way that measures up to <n>[the standard required by]</n> God when He called you.


text:
Live in a humble, gentle and patient way, showing tolerance <n>[for the weaknesses]</n> of one another out of love <n>[for them]</n>.


text:
There is <n>[only]</n> one body <n>[i.e., church]</n> and one Holy Spirit, just as God also gave you one hope when He called you <n>[See Titus 3:7]</n>.


text:
<n>[There is]</n> one Lord <n>[i.e., Jesus]</n>, one faith <n>[i.e., one body of teaching]</n>, one immersion <n>[i.e., in water for the forgiveness of sins]</n>,


text:
and one God and Father of all, who is over all and <n>[works]</n> through all and is in all <n>[obedient believers]</n>.


text:
But <n>[God’s]</n> unearned favor was given to each one of us, according to the gift allotted <n>[to us]</n> by Christ.


text:
Therefore, it says <n>[Psa. 68:18]</n>, “When He ascended on high <n>[i.e., to heaven]</n>, He led a procession of captured prisoners <n>[behind Him]</n> <n>[Note: This originally referred to God leading His people in triumph over Israel’s enemies, but here is applied to Christ]</n>, and gave gifts to <n>[various]</n> people.”


text:
(But what does “He ascended” mean if not that He also <n>[first]</n> descended to the lower parts of the earth <n>[i.e., to the earth below]</n>? <n>[Note: Of the three principal interpretations given to this verse: a) Christ descended to earth, b) Christ descended to the grave, c) Christ descended to Mary’s womb. The first is to be preferred. See John 3:13; 6:38, 62]</n>.


text:
The One who descended <n>[i.e., from heaven to earth]</n> is the same One <n>[i.e., Christ]</n> who also ascended high above the all the heavens, so that He could fill the entire universe <n>[with His presence]</n>).


text:
And He gave some people <n>[the gift of being]</n> apostles; and some people prophets; and some people evangelists; and some people pastors <n>[i.e., elders]</n> and teachers,


text:
for the purpose of equipping the saints <n>[i.e., God’s holy people]</n> for the work of serving <n>[others]</n>, in order to build up the <n>[spiritual]</n> body of Christ <n>[i.e., the church]</n>.


text:
<n>[This is to be done]</n> until we all <n>[eventually]</n> arrive at unity of the faith and full knowledge of the Son of God; at complete <n>[spiritual]</n> maturity; at the <n>[full]</n> height of Christ’s <n>[spiritual]</n> stature.


text:
Then we will no longer be <n>[spiritual]</n> babies, tossed back and forth <n>[by waves]</n>, and blown around by every wind of <n>[false]</n> teaching, <n>[deceived]</n> by the clever trickery of people using deceptive schemes.


text:
But <n>[instead]</n>, we should speak <n>[and practice]</n> truth in a loving way, so that we can, in all respects, grow up <n>[spiritually]</n> into <n>[union with]</n> Christ, who is the head <n>[i.e., of His body, the church]</n>.


text:
From Him all <n>[members of]</n> the body are properly joined together by every supporting ligament, as each part contributes to the growth of the body and builds itself up through <n>[mutual]</n> love.


text:
So, I tell you this, and insist <n>[on it]</n> by <n>[the authority of]</n> the Lord: Do not continue to live with worthless thoughts as <n>[unconverted]</n> Gentiles do.


text:
Their understanding <n>[of spiritual things]</n> is darkened and excluded from the <n>[spiritual]</n> life that God gives, because of the ignorance in their minds and the stubbornness in their hearts.


text:
They have stopped caring <n>[i.e., about morality]</n>, so God has abandoned them to lives of unrestrained indecency and to engage in all kinds of <n>[moral]</n> impurity, with a constant desire for more.


text:
But you people did not learn Christ that way <n>[i.e., the above described life is not compatible with a commitment to Christ]</n>.


text:
<n>[I am]</n> assuming that you have heard Him <n>[i.e., through the Gospel message]</n> and were taught the truth that is in <n>[harmony with]</n> Jesus.


text:
You were <n>[taught]</n> to put away <n>[the conduct of]</n> your former lifestyle, your old person who is being corrupted by deceitful desires,


text:
And you should put on the new person who has been <n>[re-]</n> created to be like God in true righteousness and holiness.


text:
So then, put away lying and <n>[Zech 8:16]</n>, “Each one should speak truthfully with his neighbor,” because we are parts of one another <n>[i.e., in the one body]</n>.


text:
<n>[Psa. 4:4 says]</n>, “Be angry <n>[i.e., at wrongdoing. See Mark 3:5]</n>, but do not sin <n>[i.e., by harboring bitterness or retaliation]</n>.” Do not allow the sun to go down while you are still provoked.


text:
The person who has stolen must stop doing it; instead, he should work hard, doing something worthwhile with his own hands, so that he can have <n>[money]</n> to share with the person who needs it.


text:
Do not allow unwholesome <n>[Note: The Greek word for “unwholesome” is “rotten, diseased”]</n> language to come from your mouth, but only what is helpful for building up those who need it, so that you can impart favor <n>[i.e., benefit]</n> to those who listen <n>[to you]</n>.


text:
And do not grieve God’s Holy Spirit by whom you were sealed <n>[i.e., given evidence of God’s ownership]</n> until the day of redemption <n>[i.e., until you receive your new body in heaven. See 1:14]</n>.


text:
So, put away from you all <n>[kinds of]</n> bitterness and anger and wrath and brawling and slander, along with all <n>[kinds of]</n> malice <n>[i.e., bad attitudes]</n>,


text:
and be kind and compassionate toward one another, forgiving each other, just as God also forgave you <n>[because of your fellowship]</n> in Christ.


text:
Live in a loving way, just like Christ loved us and gave Himself up <n>[to die]</n> for us as an offering and fragrant smelling sacrifice to God.


text:
But you should not even talk about sexual immorality, or any type of <n>[moral]</n> impurity, or greed. <n>[Note: Possibly “greed” here means “desire for more” of such things]</n>. Such talk is not suitable for saints <n>[i.e., God’s holy people]</n>.


text:
Nor should obscenity, silly chatter or double-meaning jokes be used, because they are not proper either. But instead, <n>[you should express]</n> thanksgiving.


text:
For you <n>[should]</n> know this for certain: No sexually immoral or <n>[morally]</n> impure person, or greedy person, who is <n>[the same as]</n> an idol worshiper, has any inheritance in the kingdom of Christ and God.


text:
Do not let anyone deceive you with empty words, for because of such things, the wrath of God will fall upon people who are disobedient <n>[to Him]</n>.


text:
for you people were once darkness <n>[i.e., when living in sin]</n>, but now you are light in <n>[fellowship with]</n> the Lord. <n>[So]</n>, live like people who belong to light <n>[i.e., who live godly lives]</n>,


text:
Do not have fellowship with <n>[people who practice]</n> worthless deeds of darkness <n>[i.e., sinful living]</n>, but expose them instead.


text:
But when all <n>[such]</n> things are exposed by the light <n>[i.e., the truth]</n>, they become <n>[clearly]</n> visible <n>[i.e., their true nature is revealed]</n>, for everything so revealed becomes illuminated. <n>[Note: Possibly this means “it is light that clearly reveals everything”]</n>.


text:
So, it says, “You who are asleep, wake up and rise from the dead, and Christ will shine on you <n>[i.e., illuminate you]</n>.” <n>[Note: The foregoing words may have been an early saying, used at someone’s immersion, which included the ideas of “rising up” (See Col. 2:12) and “illumination” (See Heb. 6:4) ]</n>.


text:
Speak to one another by using psalms, hymns and spiritual songs, singing and making music with your hearts to the Lord.


text:
Always give thanks to God the Father for everything in the name <n>[i.e., by the authority]</n> of our Lord Jesus Christ.


text:
For the husband is the <n>[spiritual]</n> head over his wife, just as Christ is also the <n>[spiritual]</n> head over the church, since He is the Savior of the body.


text:
But just as the church submits to Christ, so wives also should submit to their husbands in everything.


text:
Husbands, you should love your wives just as Christ also loved the church, and gave up His life for her,


text:
so that He could dedicate her <n>[to Himself]</n>, after cleansing her by means of the washing of water <n>[i.e., immersion]</n>, accompanied by the word. <n>[Note: “The word” here refers either to a person’s profession of faith (See Rom. 10:9) or to the Gospel message (See Rom. 10:17), both of which are associated with immersion]</n>.


text:
<n>[This is]</n> so He could present the church to Himself in all her splendor, without any kind of stain or wrinkle, but that she should be holy and without <n>[moral]</n> flaw.


text:
In the same way also, husbands should love their own wives as they love their own bodies. The man who loves his own wife <n>[actually]</n> loves himself.


text:
For no <n>[normal]</n> person ever hated his own <n>[physical]</n> body, but <n>[instead]</n> he feeds and cares for it, just as Christ also does for the church,


text:
<n>[Gen. 2:24 says]</n>, “For this reason a man will leave <n>[the home of]</n> his father and mother, and will cling to his wife, <n>[so that]</n> the two will become one flesh <n>[i.e., united in such a close relationship, as to practically constitute one body]</n>.”


text:
However, each of you men individually should also love his own wife the way he loves himself. And the wife should respect her husband.


text:
Children, you should obey your parents in the Lord <n>[i.e., as part of your Christian responsibility]</n>, for this is the right thing to do.


text:
<n>[Ex. 20:12 says]</n>, “Show honor to your father and mother,” (which is the first commandment that carries the promise),


text:
And you fathers <n>[Note: This word probably includes both parents]</n>, do not stir up your children to become angry, but bring them up in the training and instruction of the Lord.


text:
Slaves, you should obey those who are your earthly masters, out of reverence and eagerness to please them, with a sincere heart, as you would <n>[obey]</n> Christ.


text:
Do not serve them only when you are being watched, just to gain their approval, but as slaves of Christ, doing what God wants from your heart.


text:
knowing that whatever good deed a person does, he will be rewarded for it from the Lord, whether he is a slave or a free person.


text:
And you masters should treat your slaves the same way; do not threaten them, knowing that God, who is both their Master and yours, is in heaven and He does not respect any particular person <n>[over another]</n>.


text:
You people should put on the full armor of God, so that you will be able to withstand the devil’s schemes.


text:
For our struggle is not <n>[actually]</n> against human beings, but against rulers and authorities and leaders of this world’s darkness, and against the spiritual forces of evil in the heavenly realms. <n>[Note: “Heavenly realms” here refers to the struggle against Satanic powers which permeates life around us]</n>.


text:
Therefore, put on the full armor of God, so that you can withstand <n>[the devil, See verse 11]</n> when the evil day comes. And, after you have done everything you can, still remain standing firm <n>[in the faith]</n>.


text:
So, you people should stand firm <n>[in the faith]</n>, with the belt of truth firmly buckled around you, and with the “flack jacket” of righteousness on your chest.


text:
And along with everything else, take up the shield of faith, with which you will be able to extinguish all the fire-tipped arrows of the evil one.


text:
<n>[Then]</n> offer all kinds of prayers and requests in <n>[harmony with]</n> the Holy Spirit at all times, and be alert constantly in making requests for all the saints <n>[i.e., God’s holy people]</n>.


text:
And <n>[also pray]</n> for me to be given boldness of speech in opening my mouth to make known the secret plan of the Gospel,


text:
for which I am an ambassador in prison. <n>[And pray]</n> that I may be able to proclaim the Gospel boldly, as I ought to.


text:
But, so that you people also can know how I am doing and what is going on with me, Tychicus, the dearly loved brother and faithful minister in <n>[the service of]</n> the Lord, will tell you everything.


text:
I have sent <n>[i.e., am sending]</n> him to you for this very purpose, so you can know our situation and that he can encourage your hearts.


text:
May there be peace and love, with faith, to the brothers <n>[there]</n> from God the Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.


text:
May God’s unearned favor be upon all of those <n>[there]</n> who love our Lord Jesus Christ with an undying love.


text:
<n>[This letter is from]</n> Paul and Timothy, slaves of Christ Jesus, <n>[and is being sent]</n> to all the saints <n>[i.e., God’s holy people]</n> who are at Philippi <n>[Note: This is a town in present-day northeastern Greece, and the first place in Europe where Paul established Christianity]</n>, along with the overseers <n>[Note: These men were also called elders, shepherds or pastors]</n> and deacons.


text:
for your sharing <n>[with me]</n> in <n>[carrying on]</n> the work of the Gospel from the first day <n>[I left there]</n> until now. <n>[See 4:14-16]</n>.


text:
I am confident of this very thing, that God, who began something good among you, will complete it until the day of Jesus Christ’s <n>[return]</n>.


text:
It is right for me to think this way about all of you, because I have you in my heart <n>[i.e., you are dear to me]</n>, for you people are sharing in God’s unearned favor with me <n>[Note: Paul here refers to his ministry]</n>, both in my imprisonment and in my defense and confirmation of the Gospel <n>[i.e., in my efforts to give proof of the Gospel’s truth]</n>.


text:
For God is my witness that I long to see you with the <n>[same]</n> affection that Christ Jesus has <n>[for you]</n>.


text:
And I pray that your love may grow stronger and stronger, <n>[along]</n> with how much you know, and <n>[that you may grow]</n> in your ability to comprehend things.


text:
Then you will be able to approve of <n>[only]</n> what is best and be sincere and without just blame on the day of Christ’s <n>[return]</n>,


text:
having been full of qualities of righteousness, which come from Jesus Christ and produce honor and praise to God.


text:
Now I want you to know, brothers, that the things that happened to me have resulted in the advancement <n>[of the influence]</n> of the Gospel rather <n>[than hindering it]</n>,


text:
so that my imprisonment for Christ became known throughout the entire headquarters of the governor <n>[i.e., among all his personnel]</n>, and to everyone else.


text:
And most of the brothers in the Lord’s <n>[service]</n>, through my imprisonment, gained confidence to speak out God’s message with greater courage and without fear.


text:
Some people, indeed, are proclaiming Christ out of envy and strife <n>[i.e., out of rivalry]</n>, while others do it from goodwill.


text:
Those who do it out of love <n>[for me]</n> know that I am prepared to defend the Gospel <n>[i.e., before government authorities]</n>.


text:
But the others preach Christ out of rivalry, not sincerely, hoping to stir up trouble for me while I am in prison.


text:
So, what <n>[should I think about the situation]</n>? Just this: I am happy and will continue to be happy that, in every way, Christ is being preached, <n>[regardless of]</n> whether it is in pretense or with sincerity.


text:
For I know that, through your requests <n>[in prayer]</n> for me and the help provided by the Holy Spirit of Jesus Christ, this situation will result in my being rescued <n>[i.e., released from imprisonment]</n>.


text:
It is my eager expectation and hope that I will not have to be ashamed about anything, but that I will have the courage, <n>[both]</n> now and always, <n>[to so live]</n> that Christ will be exalted <n>[i.e., honored]</n> in my body, whether I live or die.


text:
But if <n>[continuing]</n> to live in my body means accomplishing more work <n>[for Christ]</n>, then I do not know which to choose.


text:
So, I am in a dilemma between the two choices. <n>[On the one hand]</n> I have the desire to depart <n>[from this life]</n> and be with Christ <n>[in heaven]</n>, which would be far better.


text:
So, being convinced of this, I know I will remain <n>[in my body]</n> and continue with all of you for your spiritual progress and joy in the faith,


text:
so that, by my being with you again, you will be able to rejoice all the more in <n>[our lives together with]</n> Christ Jesus.


text:
So, <n>[whatever happens]</n>, live your daily lives in such a way as to be worthy of the Gospel of Christ, so that, whether I come and see you or remain absent from you, I will hear about you, that you are standing firm in one spirit <n>[i.e., united in purpose, and]</n> contending with one mind for the faith of the Gospel <n>[i.e., for the body of Christian teaching]</n>.


text:
<n>[I also want to hear]</n> that you are not being frightened by those who oppose you, which <n>[courage in the face of opposition]</n> is proof <n>[to them, or you]</n> that they will be destroyed, but that you will be saved, and this will <n>[all]</n> be done by God.


text:
Because God has granted you <n>[the privilege]</n>, on behalf of Christ, not only to believe in Him, but also to suffer for His sake.


text:
<n>[So]</n>, you are now experiencing the same struggle you <n>[once]</n> saw me going through, and now are hearing that I still am.


text:
Is there anything to be encouraged about by being in <n>[fellowship with]</n> Christ? Is there any comfort from His love? Is there any sharing with the Holy Spirit? <n>[Have you received]</n> any affection and compassion <n>[from Christ]</n>?


text:
<n>[Then]</n> make me completely happy by being like-minded, having the same love <n>[for one another]</n>, being united in spirit and having the same purpose.


text:
Do not do anything from rivalry or from empty conceit, but in humility, consider others better than yourselves.


text:
Each of you should not look out for your own interests <n>[only]</n>, but also for those of other people.


text:
He existed in the form of God <n>[i.e., He shared God’s very nature]</n>, but did not consider <n>[remaining]</n> equal with God something <n>[to continue]</n> to hold onto.


text:
Instead, He gave up what He had and took on the form <n>[i.e., the nature]</n> of a slave, becoming like a man, <n>[and even]</n> His appearance was found to be like a man’s.


text:
He humbled Himself <n>[by]</n> becoming obedient <n>[to God]</n> to the point of death, even death on a cross.


text:
Therefore, God also exalted Him to the highest position and gave Him the name <n>[i.e., “Lord.” See verse 11]</n>, which is superior to every <n>[other]</n> name.


text:
<n>[This was]</n> so that, in <n>[honor of]</n> the name of Jesus, everyone’s knee in heaven, on earth and under the earth <n>[i.e., all rational creatures]</n> should bow <n>[i.e., before God]</n>,


text:
So then, my dear ones, just as you people were always obedient <n>[to my teaching]</n> when I was there with you, so now, in my absence <n>[also]</n>, be <n>[obedient]</n> all the more. <n>[Continue to]</n> complete your own salvation <n>[i.e., by living faithfully to the end. See Rom. 13:11]</n> with fear and trembling <n>[i.e., with a reverent and submissive spirit]</n>,


text:
so that you will be without just blame and innocent <n>[of wrongdoing]</n>, children of God without fault in the middle of a crooked and perverted generation of people. You must shine among them like stars lighting up the sky,


text:
as you hold out <n>[i.e., offer to people]</n> the message of <n>[never ending]</n> life. Then I will have something to boast about on the day of Christ’s <n>[return, See 1:6]</n>, that I had not run the race for nothing nor had worked for nothing.


text:
But even if I am poured out like a drink offering <n>[See Ex. 29:38-41]</n> on the sacrifice and service produced by your faith, I am glad and will rejoice with all of you. <n>[Note: Paul here likens the possible pouring out of his blood to the wine and oil of the Old Testament sacrifice, which is then likened to the Philippians’ faithful service to God]</n>.


text:
But I hope in <n>[harmony with the wishes of]</n> the Lord Jesus to send Timothy to you soon, so that I could be encouraged when I learn of your situation <n>[i.e., when Timothy returns with news from Philippi]</n>.


text:
For I do not have anyone else <n>[i.e., as a fellow-worker]</n> who thinks the same way I do, and who will genuinely care for your <n>[spiritual and material]</n> needs.


text:
But you people know about his proven reliability, how he served with me in advancing <n>[the work of]</n> the Gospel just like a son working with his father.


text:
But I am fully persuaded in <n>[harmony with the wishes of]</n> the Lord that I, myself, also will go to you soon. <n>[Note: Paul here expresses the hope of being released from imprisonment, in spite of previous hints that he might be put to death. See 1:20; 2:17]</n>.


text:
But I considered it necessary to send to you Epaphroditus, my brother, fellow-worker and fellow-soldier, and your messenger <n>[to me]</n> and minister to my needs.


text:
And indeed, he was <n>[so]</n> sick that he almost died, but God had pity on him, and not only on him but also on me, so that I would not have one sorrow on top of another.


text:
So, I am all the more eager to send him to you people, so that when you see him again you will be glad, and that my sorrow will be lessened <n>[i.e., in knowing that you are relieved to see that he is well again]</n>.


text:
So, you should welcome him in <n>[the fellowship of]</n> the Lord with great joy, and regard such people with honor,


text:
because he almost died for the work of Christ, risking his life to provide me with what you were not able to.


text:
Finally, my brothers, rejoice in <n>[your relationship to]</n> the Lord. It does not trouble me to write the same things to you again, because you will be safer if I do. <n>[Note: These “same things” may refer to warnings against false teachers which Paul had either spoken to them or written about previously]</n>.


text:
Watch out for the “dogs!” <n>[Note: “Dogs” were viewed with disgust by the ancient Jews (Deut. 23:18; II Kings 8:13; Rev. 22:15) , so the term is used here derogatorily for Jewish Christians who were trying to impose on the church the requirements of the Law of Moses]</n>. Watch out for the evil workers! Watch out for those who mutilate the body meaninglessly! <n>[Note: Paul here alludes, in a derogatory wordplay, to the Jewish practice of circumcision]</n>.


text:
For we <n>[Christians]</n> are the <n>[true]</n> circumcision <n>[i.e., the real “Jews” in God’s eyes. See Rom. 2:28-29]</n>. We worship by means of God’s Holy Spirit <n>[i.e., are empowered and motivated by the Holy Spirit]</n>, and boast in <n>[the person and work of]</n> Christ Jesus, and <n>[we]</n> place no confidence in the flesh <n>[i.e., in any outward ritual or status for salvation]</n>.


text:
However I, myself, have <n>[reasons for such]</n> confidence in the flesh. <n>[But]</n> if any other person has <n>[reasons for placing]</n> confidence in the flesh, I have more <n>[reasons]</n>.


text:
<n>[I was]</n> circumcised eight days after I was born; <n>[I am]</n> from the nation of Israelites; from the tribe of Benjamin and of Hebrew ancestry <n>[i.e., an outstanding Hebrew]</n>. As far as the Law of Moses is concerned, <n>[I am]</n> a Pharisee <n>[i.e., a strict sect of the Jewish religion]</n>.


text:
As far as enthusiasm is concerned, I persecuted the church; as far as being righteous according to the Law of Moses is concerned, I was without just blame.


text:
However, those things which were <n>[once regarded as]</n> gain to me, I have <n>[now]</n> considered to be loss for <n>[the sake of]</n> Christ.


text:
What is more, I consider everything to be a loss compared to the surpassing value of knowing Christ Jesus <n>[as]</n> my Lord, for whose sake I have suffered the loss of all things. <n>[I now]</n> consider <n>[all of]</n> them to be trash, in order to gain Christ


text:
and to be found in <n>[fellowship with]</n> Him, not having a righteousness of my own, acquired by observing the Law of Moses, but one acquired through believing in Christ. This righteousness, which comes from God, is based on faith.


text:
I want to know Christ <n>[as Savior]</n> and to experience the power <n>[produced]</n> by His resurrection, and to share in His sufferings and become like Him in His death,


text:
<n>[It is]</n> not that I have already arrived at the goal <n>[of spiritual maturity]</n>, or have already been made perfectly <n>[righteous]</n>, but I am pushing onward in order to take hold of what Christ Jesus took hold of me for <n>[i.e., to receive all that Christ intended for me]</n>.


text:
Brothers, I consider that I, myself, have not yet taken hold <n>[of Christ’s ultimate purpose for me]</n>. But there is one thing that I am doing; I am forgetting about my past <n>[See verses 5-7]</n>, and reaching forward to what lies ahead.


text:
I am pushing onward toward the goal for the prize of the upward call <n>[i.e., to heaven]</n> from God in <n>[fellowship with]</n> Christ.


text:
So, all of us who are mature <n>[Christians]</n> should think this way. And if you people think differently about anything, God will reveal that to you also.


text:
Brothers, you people should join together in imitating me, and take note of those who are following my example.


text:
For I have often told you before, and am telling you again with tears in my eyes, that many people are living as the enemies of the cross of Christ <n>[i.e., their lives oppose the purpose of Christ’s death]</n>.


text:
Their <n>[ultimate]</n> end is <n>[spiritual]</n> destruction; their god is their appetite; they boast of what they ought to be ashamed of, and they <n>[constantly]</n> think about worldly things.


text:
But we are <n>[really]</n> citizens of heaven and we are waiting for a Savior <n>[to return]</n> from there, the Lord Jesus Christ,


text:
who will change our lowly <n>[physical]</n> bodies and make them like His glorious body. <n>[He will do this]</n> according to the power that enables Him even to bring everything into submission to Himself.


text:
So, my dearly loved brothers <n>[and sisters, See next two verses]</n>, those whom I long to see, <n>[who are]</n> my <n>[reason for]</n> being glad and <n>[who are]</n> my crown of victory; stand firm in <n>[your devotion to]</n> the Lord, my dear ones.


text:
Yes, and I am asking you also, <n>[my]</n> faithful partner <n>[Note: This person is unknown, but may have been one of Paul’s preacher companions]</n>, help those women, for they have worked hard with me in <n>[spreading]</n> the Gospel, along with Clement also, and the rest of my fellow-workers, whose names are in the book of life. <n>[See Rev. 3:5; Heb. 12:23]</n>.


text:
You should let your gentleness be known to all people. The Lord is near. <n>[Note: This “nearness” could refer to Christ’s second coming or to His nearness to His people in a spiritual sense]</n>.


text:
Do not worry about anything, but in everything, by prayer and <n>[special]</n> petition, along with thanksgivings, you should make your requests known to God.


text:
And <n>[when you do]</n>, the peace from God, which surpasses all comprehension, will guard your hearts and thoughts <n>[from anxiety]</n> in <n>[fellowship with]</n> Christ Jesus.


text:
Finally, brothers, give <n>[careful]</n> thought to these things: Whatever is true, whatever is noble, whatever is right, whatever is pure, whatever is lovable, and whatever is commendable. If it is excellent; if it is praiseworthy; <n>[think about it]</n>.


text:
You people should do those things which you have learned and received and heard from me, and seen in me, and <n>[then]</n> the God <n>[who gives]</n> peace will be with you.


text:
I am rejoicing very much in <n>[fellowship with]</n> the Lord that now, after some time, you people have revived your concern for me. Actually, you were concerned, but lacked the opportunity <n>[to show it]</n>.


text:
I am not saying this because of being in need, for I have learned to be content regardless of my circumstances.


text:
I know how to get along in humble circumstances and how to live in prosperity. In every situation and in all circumstances, I have learned the secret both to be full and to be hungry, both to have plenty and to be in need.


text:
Nevertheless, it was really good of you people to share <n>[with me]</n> during my troubles <n>[i.e., imprisonment]</n>.


text:
As you Philippians also know, during the early days of <n>[my]</n> preaching the Gospel <n>[in those regions]</n>, when I left Macedonia <n>[Note: This was the northernmost province of Greece]</n>, no church shared with me in the matter of giving and receiving <n>[i.e., financial help]</n>, except you only.


text:
For even <n>[when I was]</n> in Thessalonica, you sent <n>[money]</n> more than once to meet my needs.


text:
<n>[Now]</n> it is not that I am looking for a gift, but I am looking for the benefit that <n>[such a gift]</n> will add to your <n>[spiritual]</n> account <n>[with God]</n>.


text:
But I have everything <n>[I need]</n>, and in abundance; I am fully supplied, having received from Epaphroditus the gifts that you sent, <n>[which are like]</n> a fragrant-smelling sacrifice, acceptable and very pleasing to God.


text:
And my God will supply all your needs <n>[also]</n>, according to His glorious wealth <n>[enjoyed by fellowship]</n> in Christ Jesus.


text:
Greet every saint <n>[i.e., God’s holy person]</n> in <n>[fellowship with]</n> Christ Jesus. The brothers who are with me <n>[also]</n> send their greetings to you.


text:
All the saints <n>[here with me]</n> send you their greetings, especially those belonging to <n>[Emperor]</n> Caesar’s household.


text:
<n>[This letter is from]</n> Paul, an apostle of Christ Jesus by God’s will, and <n>[from]</n> our brother Timothy,


text:
<n>[and is being sent]</n> to the saints <n>[i.e., God’s holy people]</n> and faithful brothers in <n>[fellowship with]</n> Christ <n>[who live]</n> at Colosse. May you have unearned favor and peace from God our Father.


text:
for we have heard about <n>[the evidence of]</n> your faith in <n>[the service of]</n> Christ Jesus, and about the love you have <n>[shown]</n> for all the saints.


text:
<n>[You have these qualities]</n> because of the hope stored up for you in heaven, which <n>[hope]</n> you previously heard about through the message of truth when the Gospel


text:
came to you. This Gospel is <n>[now]</n> also producing fruit all over the world <n>[i.e., throughout the Roman Empire]</n> and growing <n>[in its influence]</n>, just as it is doing among you people also, since the day you <n>[first]</n> heard and understood God’s unearned favor in <n>[all its]</n> truth.


text:
You learned <n>[this truth]</n> from Epaphras, our dearly loved fellow-slave, who is a faithful minister of Christ <n>[to you]</n> on our behalf.


text:
So, this is why, since the day we heard about these things, we do not stop praying for you and requesting that you people be filled <n>[by God]</n> with the knowledge of what He wants <n>[for your lives]</n>, and with spiritual wisdom and understanding.


text:
<n>[We pray for you]</n> to live a life deserving of the Lord, pleasing to Him in every way, producing fruit in every good deed and growing in the knowledge of God.


text:
<n>[We also pray that you will be]</n> strengthened with great power, according to God’s glorious might, so that you will have great endurance and patience <n>[coupled]</n> with joy.


text:
<n>[May you]</n> give thanks to the Father who has enabled you to share <n>[i.e., eventually]</n> in the inheritance of the saints <n>[i.e., God’s holy people]</n> in <n>[the kingdom of]</n> light.


text:
He rescued us from the domain of <n>[spiritual]</n> darkness and transferred us into the kingdom of the Son whom He loves,


text:
through whom we receive redemption <n>[i.e., are bought back from Satan]</n>, which is the forgiveness of <n>[our]</n> sins.


text:
He is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn One <n>[i.e., who takes preeminence]</n> over all that is created.


text:
For all things were created by Him; things in heaven and on earth; things visible and invisible, whether they are thrones <n>[i.e., reigning beings]</n>, or lords, or rulers or authorities. <n>[Note: “Authorities” here may refer to angelic beings]</n>. All things were created by Him and for Him.


text:
And He is the head of the <n>[spiritual]</n> body, the church. He is <n>[its]</n> source, the firstborn One from the dead <n>[i.e., the first one to return to life, never to die again]</n>, so that He could rank first <n>[in importance]</n> over all things.


text:
and through Him to reconcile all things to Himself, whether things on earth or things in heaven. He made peace <n>[with mankind]</n> through the <n>[sacrificial]</n> blood of Christ’s <n>[death on the]</n> cross.


text:
And though you were once estranged <n>[from God]</n> and were enemies <n>[of His]</n> in your mind because of your evil deeds,


text:
yet now God has reconciled <n>[you]</n> to Himself through the death of Christ’s physical body in order to present you holy, without fault and free from just blame before Him <n>[on judgment day]</n>.


text:
<n>[This will happen]</n> if you continue in the faith <n>[Note: This means either “continue to observe God’s teaching” or, “continue to believe”]</n>, firmly grounded and established, and not moved away from the hope offered by the Gospel message, which you have heard and which was preached to people throughout the entire created world under heaven. I, Paul, was made a minister of this Gospel.


text:
Now I rejoice in <n>[spite of]</n> my sufferings for your sake, and I am filling up <n>[i.e., completing]</n> in my physical body what was lacking in the afflictions Christ endured for His body’s sake, the church.


text:
I was made a minister of the church according to the task given to me by God to fully present His message to you.


text:
<n>[This message is]</n> the secret which has been kept hidden throughout the ages and generations, but has now been revealed to God’s saints <n>[i.e., His holy people]</n>.


text:
He was pleased to make known to these people the wealth of His splendor among the Gentiles; this hidden secret, which is Christ among you, <n>[is]</n> the hope of being honored <n>[i.e., in heaven]</n>.


text:
We proclaim Him, warning and teaching every person with all wisdom, so that we may present every person <n>[to God]</n> complete in <n>[their fellowship with]</n> Christ.


text:
This is the reason that I work hard and struggle also, using God’s mighty power which is at work in me.


text:
I want you to know how much I am struggling for you <n>[Note: This probably refers to the great effort Paul was exerting in prayer, preaching, etc.]</n>, and for those at Laodicia <n>[Note: This was a town about ten miles west of Colosse]</n>, and for all those who have never met me in person.


text:
<n>[I do this]</n> so that their hearts will be encouraged <n>[while]</n> being united in <n>[mutual]</n> love, <n>[and]</n> so that they will have the wealth of a fully assured understanding, in order to fully know about God’s hidden secret, <n>[which is]</n> Christ.


text:
For even though I am absent <n>[from you]</n> in body, still I am present with you in spirit, rejoicing and observing <n>[i.e., with my mind’s eye]</n> your orderly behavior and the firmness of your faith in Christ.


text:
rooted and built up in <n>[your relationship to]</n> Him, established by your faith <n>[or, “in the faith”]</n>, just as you were taught, overflowing with thanksgiving.


text:
Pay attention so that no one takes you <n>[spiritually]</n> captive through his philosophy and empty deception based on human tradition, according to the principles of the world and not according to Christ.


text:
and you people have been made full <n>[i.e., spiritually complete]</n> in <n>[fellowship with]</n> Him, who is the <n>[spiritual]</n> head over all who rule and have authority.


text:
In <n>[fellowship with]</n> Him you people were also circumcised with a circumcision not performed by human beings, but performed by Christ, consisting of the removal of the body of <n>[sinful]</n> flesh.


text:
<n>[This happened when you were]</n> buried with Christ in <n>[the act of]</n> immersion, from which you were also raised up with Him through <n>[your]</n> faith in the accomplishment of God, who raised Him up from the dead.


text:
And when you were <n>[spiritually]</n> dead because of your sins and your lack of being physically circumcised <n>[Note: This refers to their having been unconverted Gentiles and therefore outside of a relationship with God]</n>, God made you alive <n>[again]</n> together with Christ, having forgiven us for all of our sins.


text:
He canceled the document written in ordinances <n>[Note: This obviously refers to the Mosaic Law]</n> that was against us and was opposed to us, and has taken it out of the way, nailing it to the cross.


text:
<n>[In doing this]</n> Christ disarmed the rulers and authorities <n>[i.e., evil forces]</n> and made a public display of them, triumphing over them through the cross. <n>[Note: This could possibly be rendered “God triumphed over them through Christ”]</n>.


text:
So, do not allow anyone to judge <n>[i.e., condemn]</n> you for what you eat, or what you drink, or regarding <n>[your non­observance of]</n> a <n>[yearly]</n> festival, or a <n>[monthly]</n> “new moon” observance, or a <n>[weekly]</n> Sabbath day.


text:
These things are <n>[only]</n> a shadow of future things, but the body <n>[i.e., the real substance of things]</n> belongs to Christ. <n>[Note: The idea here is that the ritual observances of the Mosaic Law were like shadows pointing to the reality of life in Christ]</n>.


text:
Do not allow anyone, who delights in acting humble <n>[i.e., living an ascetic life]</n> and who worships angels, to rob you of your reward <n>[in heaven]</n>. <n>[Note: This “angel worship” could mean holding angels in high regard because of their role as God’s messengers, or the claim that God can be approached only through angelic intermediaries]</n>. He places great importance on what he <n>[claims to]</n> see <n>[i.e., visions]</n>, being inflated with pride by his fleshly mind for no <n>[good]</n> reason.


text:
He is not holding on <n>[firmly]</n> to the head <n>[i.e., Christ, the head of the church]</n>, from whom the entire body, being nourished and supported by its ligaments and joints, is caused to grow in size by God.


text:
Since you died with Christ to the basic principles of the world, <n>[then]</n> why, as though you <n>[still]</n> lived in <n>[harmony with]</n> the world, do you submit yourselves to <n>[its]</n> rules, <n>[such as]</n>:


text:
(All these things <n>[i.e., the things handled, tasted or touched]</n> are destined to perish with <n>[constant]</n> use). <n>[These rules are]</n> based on the commands and teachings of men.


text:
They certainly have an appearance of wisdom, <n>[displaying]</n> self-prescribed worship and <n>[false]</n> humility and asceticism, but they lack any value in curbing the desires of the physical passions.


text:
If then you people have been raised up together with Christ <n>[i.e., from your burial in immersion, See 2:12-13 with Rom. 6:4]</n>, pay attention to the things that are above <n>[i.e., heavenly things]</n>, where Christ is seated at the right side of God.


text:
For you died <n>[with Christ, See 2:20]</n>, and your life is <n>[now]</n> hidden with Christ in <n>[fellowship with]</n> God.


text:
<n>[So]</n>, when Christ, who is your <n>[or, “our” source of]</n> life, appears <n>[i.e., at His second coming]</n>, then you people also will appear with Him in splendor <n>[i.e., in heaven]</n>.


text:
So, put to death <n>[i.e., stop practicing]</n> the desires of your physical bodies <n>[such as]</n> sexual immorality, <n>[moral]</n> impurity, lust, evil desires and greed, which is <n>[in reality]</n> idolatry.


text:
But now you also should stop practicing them: anger, wrath, malice, slander, filthy language from your mouth.


text:
Do not lie to one another, since you have put away <n>[the conduct of]</n> your old person with its practices,


text:
and have put on the new person, who is being <n>[daily]</n> renewed with full knowledge, according to the image of God, who <n>[re-]</n> created him.


text:
<n>[In this state]</n> there cannot be <n>[such distinctions as]</n> Greek <n>[i.e., Gentile]</n> and Jew; circumcised people and non-circumcised people; barbarian and Scythian <n>[Note: These last two words refer to foreigners whose language was unintelligible and who were uncivilized heathens]</n>, or slave and free person; but Christ is all <n>[that is important]</n> and <n>[He is]</n> in all <n>[of His people]</n>.


text:
So, as God’s elect <n>[i.e., His people]</n>, holy and dearly loved <n>[by Him]</n>, clothe yourselves with a heart of compassion, kindness, humility, gentleness and patience.


text:
Tolerate one another’s <n>[weaknesses]</n> and forgive each other if anyone <n>[of you]</n> has a complaint against someone else. You should forgive people just as the Lord forgave you.


text:
And beyond all these things, clothe yourselves with love, which binds these things together in complete <n>[unity]</n>.


text:
You should let the peace given by Christ rule in your hearts, since you people were called <n>[to be at peace]</n> in one body <n>[i.e., the church]</n>; and you should be thankful.


text:
You should let the message of Christ live in you abundantly <n>[i.e., as individuals and collectively]</n>. Use <n>[much]</n> wisdom in teaching and warning one another with psalms, hymns and spiritual songs, singing with favor <n>[i.e., with thankfulness]</n> in your hearts toward God.


text:
And whatever you do, whether in <n>[your]</n> words or actions, do everything in the name <n>[i.e., by the authority]</n> of Christ, giving thanks to God the Father through Him.


text:
You fathers <n>[Note: By implication, this would include both parents]</n> should not stir up your children <n>[i.e., irritate or exasperate them]</n>, so that they do not become discouraged.


text:
You slaves should obey your earthly masters in everything, <n>[and]</n> do not do it just when they are looking <n>[at you]</n>, or to gain their favor, but do it with a sincere heart, out of reverence for the Lord.


text:
In whatever you do, work wholeheartedly, as though it were for the Lord and not <n>[just]</n> for people,


text:
knowing that you will receive from the Lord a <n>[spiritual]</n> inheritance as a reward, <n>[for]</n> you are <n>[really]</n> serving the Lord.


text:
And the person who does what is wrong will be repaid for his wrongdoing, for there is no favoritism <n>[with God]</n>.


text:
You masters should treat your slaves in a just and fair way, knowing that you also have a Master <n>[who]</n> is in heaven.


text:
At the same time, pray for us also, that God will open up a door <n>[of opportunity]</n> for <n>[proclaiming]</n> the message, so we can tell about the <n>[previously]</n> hidden secret of Christ, for which I have also been imprisoned.


text:
Be wise in the way you live in front of outsiders <n>[i.e., non-Christians]</n>, making the most of every opportunity.


text:
Your speech should always be favorable, seasoned with salt <n>[i.e., interesting and appropriate]</n>, so that you may know how to properly answer each person <n>[you talk with]</n>.


text:
Tychicus will tell you all about my affairs. <n>[Note: This man probably delivered this letter as well as the one to the Ephesians. See Eph. 6:21]</n>. He is our dearly loved brother and faithful minister and fellow-slave in <n>[the service of]</n> the Lord.


text:
I have sent <n>[i.e., am sending]</n> him to you for this very purpose, so that you can know our situation and that he can encourage your hearts.


text:
<n>[He is coming]</n>, together with Onesimus our faithful and dearly loved brother, who is one of you. <n>[Note: This could mean either “from your town” or, “a fellow-Christian”]</n>. They will tell you about everything that is happening here.


text:
Aristarchus, my fellow-prisoner, sends you his greetings, along with Barnabas’ cousin <n>[John]</n> Mark. <n>[See Acts 12:12]</n>. (You have received instructions to welcome Mark if he comes to you).


text:
Jesus, who is called Justus, also sends his greetings. These men are the only Jews among my fellow-workers for God’s kingdom; they have proved to be an encouragement to me.


text:
Epaphras, who is one of you <n>[See 1:7; 4:9]</n>, a slave of Christ Jesus, sends you his greetings. He always struggles in his prayers on your behalf so that you will remain mature and be fully convinced <n>[that you are living]</n> by all that God wants <n>[for your life]</n>.


text:
For I testify about Epaphras, that he has worked hard for you, and <n>[also]</n> for those people in Laodicia and Hierapolis. <n>[Note: These are towns close to Colosse]</n>.


text:
And when this letter has been read to you people, see that it is read in the church of the Laodicians also. And see that you read the letter <n>[coming]</n> from Laodicia also. <n>[Note: This could have been a reference to the letter to the Ephesians]</n>.


text:
And tell Archippus <n>[Note: He may have been the preacher at Colosse or Laodicia. See Philemon 1:1-2]</n>; “See to it that you fulfill your ministry <n>[there]</n>, which you have received in <n>[the service of]</n> the Lord.”


text:
This greeting <n>[is being written]</n> by me, Paul, in my own handwriting. Remember my imprisonment. <n>[Note: This was probably a request for them to pray for him]</n>. May God’s favor be with you.


text:
<n>[This letter is from]</n> Paul, and Silvanus and Timothy, <n>[and is being sent]</n> to the church of the Thessalonians <n>[Note: This was a town in present-day northeastern Greece]</n> in <n>[fellowship with]</n> God, the Father and the Lord Jesus Christ. May God’s unearned favor and peace be upon you.


text:
We continually remember, in the presence of our God and Father, the work produced by your faith, the labor prompted by your love, and your endurance motivated by your hope in our Lord Jesus Christ.


text:
We know, my brothers who are dearly loved by God, about your election <n>[i.e., that you were chosen by God because of your obedient faith]</n>,


text:
for our Gospel came to you, not merely in words, but also in power, in <n>[a demonstration of]</n> the Holy Spirit <n>[See I Cor. 2:4]</n> and with <n>[“our” or “your”]</n> deep conviction <n>[of its truth]</n>. You people know what kind of men we were while living among you for your benefit.


text:
And you became imitators of us and of the Lord. <n>[And even though]</n> you suffered much affliction, you welcomed the message with joy <n>[given to you]</n> by the Holy Spirit,


text:
and so became an example to all the believers in Macedonia and Achaia. <n>[Note: These two provinces make up present-day Greece]</n>.


text:
For the Lord’s message sounded forth from you, not only in Macedonia and Achaia, but your faith toward God <n>[also]</n> spread everywhere <n>[else]</n>, so that we do not have to say anything <n>[about you]</n>.


text:
For those people themselves report on what kind of a reception we had from you, and how you people turned to God from idols, to serve a living and true God.


text:
And <n>[they tell how you are]</n> waiting for His Son <n>[to come]</n> from heaven, the One He raised up from the dead --- this Jesus, who rescues us from the coming wrath <n>[of God]</n>.


text:
But <n>[even though]</n> we had already suffered and been mistreated at Philippi <n>[See Acts 16:19-24]</n>, as you people know, we had the boldness, <n>[with help]</n> from God, to tell you His message in spite of much struggle <n>[i.e., opposition]</n>.


text:
Instead, we speak as men approved by God to be entrusted with the Gospel. So, we speak, not trying to please people but God, who examines <n>[the motives of]</n> our hearts.


text:
For we were never found using flattering words at any time, as you know, nor did we try to cover up any greedy desires. God can testify <n>[to this]</n>.


text:
<n>[And]</n> we were not looking for honor from people, either from you or from anyone else, even though, as apostles of Christ, we could have become a burden <n>[to you]</n>. <n>[Note: The idea seems to be that the apostles could have claimed financial support, but chose not to]</n>.


text:
And so, since we have such deep affection for you, we were very pleased to share with you, not only the Gospel of God, but also our own lives, because you had become very dear to us.


text:
For you brothers remember how we labored and toiled, working hard night and day, so that we would not burden any of you <n>[while]</n> we proclaimed to you the Gospel of God.


text:
You can testify, <n>[just]</n> as God can, how holy, righteous and blameless our conduct was toward you believers.


text:
For you know that we treated each one of you like a father treats his own children, exhorting you, and comforting you,


text:
And because of this we also thank God continually that, when you people received the message of God, which you heard from us, you did not accept it as a message from <n>[mere]</n> human beings, but as it truly is, the message from God, which is at work in you believers.


text:
For you brothers became imitators of the churches of God in Judea, which are in <n>[fellowship with]</n> Christ, for you people also suffered the same things from your own countrymen that they did from the Jews,


text:
who killed the Lord Jesus and the <n>[Old Testament]</n> prophets and also drove us <n>[apostles]</n> out <n>[of Thessalonica and Berea. See Acts 17]</n>. They are not pleasing to God and are hostile to all people,


text:
for they <n>[even]</n> try to prevent us from speaking to the Gentiles, so that they can be saved. <n>[In doing this]</n> they are always piling up one sin on another. But the wrath <n>[of God]</n> has come upon them at last <n>[or, “completely”]</n>.


text:
But brothers, after we were separated from you for a short time --- in person but not in spirit --- we became all the more eager <n>[to come to you]</n> and strongly desired to see you in person. <n>[Note: The word “separated” here denotes the traumatic experience of a child being forcibly removed from its parents. It had been about six months since Paul left Thessalonica under adverse circumstances]</n>.


text:
For we <n>[really]</n> wanted to come to you <n>[and]</n> I, Paul, <n>[even tried to come]</n> more than once, but Satan prevented us. <n>[Note: This was probably accomplished through the influence of certain people or circumstances]</n>.


text:
For what is <n>[the basis of]</n> our hope, or joy, or crown of honor in the presence of the Lord Jesus when He comes back? <n>[Note: By “crown” Paul alludes to the laurel wreath awarded to the victor in an athletic contest]</n>. Will it not be you people?


text:
So, when we could not stand it any longer <n>[Note: Paul’s concern for the spiritual well-being of the Thessalonian Christians became unbearable]</n>, we <n>[i.e., I, See verse 5]</n> thought it best to be left behind, alone, at Athens <n>[Note: Paul was willing to labor alone at Athens, so he could send his fellow-workers to minister to others. See Acts 17]</n>,


text:
and so we <n>[i.e., I]</n> sent Timothy, our brother and God’s fellow-worker in <n>[the ministry of]</n> the Gospel, to strengthen and encourage you in your faith,


text:
so that no one would be shaken by <n>[having to experience]</n> these difficult times. <n>[See 2:14]</n>. For you yourselves know that we are destined to have such experiences.


text:
For even when we were with you, we warned you that we were going to be persecuted, and as you know, it has turned out that way.


text:
<n>[So]</n>, for this reason, when I could not stand it any longer, I also sent <n>[Timothy]</n> to find out about your faith. I was afraid that somehow the tempter <n>[i.e., Satan]</n> had tempted you <n>[to give up]</n> and that our work <n>[on your behalf]</n> will have become useless.


text:
But now Timothy has returned to us from you and brought us good news about your faith and love, and <n>[reported]</n> that you have good memories of us. <n>[He told us that you are]</n> longing to see us, just as we also long to see you.


text:
So, brothers, through all of our distress and persecution, we were encouraged over you because of your faith,


text:
for now we <n>[really]</n> live, if you <n>[continue to]</n> stand firm in <n>[the service of]</n> the Lord <n>[i.e., Paul could enjoy life much more in knowing that the Thessalonians were living for the Lord faithfully]</n>.


text:
For how can we thank God <n>[enough]</n> for you, in return for all the joy we have over you, in the presence of our God?


text:
Night and day we pray very earnestly that we will be able to see you in person, so we can provide what is lacking in your faith.


text:
And may the Lord cause your love for one another, and for everyone, to increase and overflow, just as ours does for you also.


text:
May the Lord strengthen your hearts so you will be <n>[found]</n> without just blame and holy, in the presence of our God and Father, when our Lord Jesus Christ returns with all of His holy ones <n>[i.e., angels. See Mark 8:38; II Thess. 1:7]</n>.


text:
Finally then, brothers, we request and urge you, in <n>[the fellowship of]</n> the Lord, that you should live <n>[dedicated lives]</n> and please God. Just as you people received direction from us <n>[on doing this]</n>, see that you <n>[continue to]</n> do it more and more.


text:
For you know <n>[i.e., are aware of]</n> the instructions we gave you by the authority of the Lord Jesus.


text:
For it is God’s will that you should be dedicated to Him, <n>[that is]</n>, you should avoid sexual immorality.


text:
And none of you should violate and exploit his brother <n>[or sister]</n> in such a matter. For the Lord will punish people for all these things, just as we told you before and warned you.


text:
So, the person who rejects <n>[this exhortation]</n> is not <n>[merely]</n> rejecting what man says but God <n>[Himself]</n>, who gives His Holy Spirit to you.


text:
Now you people do not need anyone to write to you about loving <n>[your]</n> brothers, for you yourselves have been taught by God to love one another.


text:
For you certainly do practice it toward all the brothers <n>[and sisters]</n> throughout Macedonia. <n>[Note: This was the province in which Thessalonica was located]</n>. Yet we urge you, brothers, to continue doing it more and more.


text:
<n>[We also urge you to]</n> make it your aim to live a quiet life, and to attend to your own business matters, and to work with your hands, as we urged you. <n>[Note: Possibly this exhortation was directed toward the tendency of some people there to neglect ordinary responsibilities in view of an imminent return of Christ]</n>.


text:
<n>[Do these things]</n> so that you will live in a proper way in front of outsiders <n>[i.e., non-Christians]</n>, and not have <n>[to depend on people for]</n> any needs.


text:
But we want you to be informed, brothers, concerning those who have fallen asleep <n>[in death]</n> so that you do not grieve, as other people do <n>[i.e., the unsaved]</n>, who have no hope.


text:
For if we believe that Jesus died and rose again <n>[from the dead]</n>, <n>[we also believe]</n> that God will bring <n>[back to life]</n>, along with Jesus, those in <n>[fellowship with]</n> Him who have fallen asleep <n>[in death]</n>.


text:
For we say this to you by <n>[the authority of]</n> the word of the Lord <n>[Note: Paul was either quoting what Jesus had previously said, or was giving a revelation he had received from the Lord. See I Cor. 14:37]</n>, that we <n>[Christians]</n> who are <n>[still]</n> alive, who are left <n>[on earth]</n> when the Lord returns, will certainly not precede those who have fallen asleep. <n>[Note: The point Paul is making is that the living will not be “changed” (I Cor. 15:51-52) and taken to heaven before the dead are raised]</n>.


text:
For the Lord Himself <n>[i.e., Jesus]</n> will come down from heaven with a commanding shout <n>[Note: This probably refers to Jesus’ voice. See John 5:25, 28]</n>, <n>[and]</n> with the archangel’s voice <n>[i.e., Michael. See Jude 9]</n> and with the sound of God’s trumpet; <n>[at this]</n> the dead in <n>[fellowship with]</n> Christ will rise <n>[from the dead]</n> first.


text:
Then, we who <n>[will still]</n> be alive, that are left, will be caught up together with them into the clouds to meet the Lord in the air. And so <n>[from then on]</n> we will always be with the Lord.


text:
Now brothers, you do not need to have anything written to you about the times and dates <n>[i.e., of Christ’s second coming]</n>,


text:
for you know perfectly well that the day of the Lord <n>[i.e., when He returns, See II Thess. 2:1-2]</n> will arrive like a thief coming in the night.


text:
<n>[For]</n> when people are saying, “Peace,” and “Safety,” then <n>[is when]</n> destruction will come upon them suddenly, like labor pains on a pregnant woman, and they will not be able to escape it.


text:
for all of you people belong to the light; you belong to the daytime. We do not belong to the night or to darkness. <n>[Note: In this passage “light” and “daytime” refer to spiritual illumination, while “darkness” and “night” refer to spiritual ignorance]</n>.


text:
So then, we should not be <n>[spiritually]</n> asleep, like the rest <n>[i.e., the unsaved world]</n>, but we should be alert and sober <n>[i.e., in control of our senses]</n>.


text:
But, since we belong to the daytime <n>[i.e., are enlightened]</n>, we should be sober. We should put on the “flack jacket” of faith and love, and for a helmet, the hope of being saved.


text:
For God did not appoint us to <n>[suffer His]</n> wrath, but to obtain salvation through our Lord Jesus Christ


text:
who died for us, so that whether we are awake or asleep <n>[i.e., alive or dead]</n>, we could live together with Him.


text:
Therefore, <n>[continue to]</n> encourage one another, and build each other up <n>[spiritually]</n>, just as you are also doing.


text:
But we urge you, brothers, to know <n>[i.e., appreciate and respect]</n> those who work hard among you, and who lead you and warn you in <n>[the fellowship of]</n> the Lord. <n>[Note: These men were probably the elders. See Acts 20:28; Heb. 13:17]</n>.


text:
And regard them very highly, in a loving way, because of the work they do. You should live at peace with one another.


text:
And we urge you, brothers, to warn those who are idle <n>[Note: The word “idle” originally meant, “insubordinate, or unruly.” See II Thess. 3:6-7, 11]</n>, encourage those who are timid, help the <n>[spiritually]</n> weak and be patient with everyone.


text:
Make sure that no one does anything wrong <n>[back]</n> to someone who wrongs him, but always look for something good you can do for one another and for everyone.


text:
Thank <n>[God]</n> for everything, for this is what God wants for you in <n>[the fellowship of]</n> Christ Jesus.


text:
Put everything <n>[i.e., speakers and their messages]</n> to the test, <n>[then]</n> hold onto what is good.


text:
And may God Himself, who gives peace, dedicate you completely, and may your spirit, soul and body <n>[i.e., your entire person]</n> be kept without just blame at <n>[i.e., until]</n> the return of our Lord Jesus Christ.


text:
God, who calls you <n>[into His fellowship]</n> is faithful; He will also do <n>[what He promises]</n>.


text:
Greet all of the brothers <n>[and sisters]</n> with a holy kiss <n>[i.e., to signify affection, yet without sensuality]</n>.


text:
I am ordering you, by <n>[the authority of]</n> the Lord, that this letter be read to all the brothers.


text:
<n>[This letter is from]</n> Paul, Silvanus, and Timothy, <n>[and is being sent]</n> to the church of the Thessalonians in <n>[fellowship with]</n> God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.


text:
We ought to thank God for you always, brothers, since it is proper, because your faith is growing so much and the love that every one of you has for each other is increasing more and more.


text:
Therefore, we ourselves speak proudly about you among the churches of God because of your steadfastness and faith amid all the persecutions and afflictions that you are enduring.


text:
The way you are faithfully enduring <n>[such]</n> suffering for the kingdom of God is clear evidence that God’s judgment is right in <n>[eventually]</n> counting you worthy of it <n>[i.e., of entering the eternal phase of the kingdom]</n>.


text:
and to provide <n>[future]</n> rest for you, along with us, who are afflicted. <n>[This will occur]</n> when Jesus is revealed from heaven in blazing fire <n>[i.e., at His second coming]</n>, accompanied by His mighty angels.


text:
He will inflict punishment on those people who do not know God <n>[as Savior]</n>, and on those who do not obey the Gospel message of our Lord Jesus.


text:
They will pay the penalty of never ending destruction, being banished from the presence of the Lord and from His mighty splendor.


text:
On that day Jesus will return to be honored by His saints <n>[i.e., God’s holy people]</n> and to be marveled at <n>[i.e., in reverence]</n> by all those who had believed <n>[in Him]</n>. <n>[This will happen]</n> because you have believed our testimony to you <n>[about Christ]</n>.


text:
This is why we always pray for you also, so that our God will consider you worthy to be <n>[i.e., to have been]</n> called <n>[into the kingdom]</n> by Him, and will fulfill, by His power, every good purpose <n>[or, “desire for goodness”]</n> of yours and every act produced by <n>[your]</n> faith.


text:
<n>[We pray this]</n> so that the name of our Lord Jesus will be honored by you, and that you will be honored by Him, according to the unearned favor of our God and the Lord Jesus Christ.


text:
we request that you people do not become shaken up in your mind, nor alarmed, either by a spirit <n>[i.e., by some prophetic prediction]</n>, or by a report, or by a letter supposedly from us, that the day of the Lord <n>[i.e., when Jesus returns]</n> has already come.


text:
Do not allow anyone to deceive you in any way, for it will not occur until the rebellion comes first and the man of lawlessness becomes evident. <n>[Note: This “rebellion” refers to a significant falling away from the teaching and practice of true Christianity (See I Tim. 4:1), characterized by the rise of an authoritarian religious leader]</n>. This man is doomed to be destroyed


text:
<n>[for]</n> he opposes <n>[the true Gospel message]</n> and exalts himself against everything that is called “God” or that which is worshiped. So, he sits in God’s temple <n>[i.e., the church (?)]</n> displaying himself as <n>[though he were]</n> God.


text:
<n>[But]</n> for now, there is something holding him back <n>[i.e., holding back the man of lawlessness from emerging, See verses 3-4]</n>, and you people know what it is. <n>[It is restraining him]</n> so that he will not be revealed until his own <n>[due]</n> time.


text:
For this mysterious lawlessness is already at work <n>[or, “this lawlessness is already secretly at work”]</n>; but the one who is holding it back <n>[will continue to do so]</n> until he is removed.


text:
And then the lawless person <n>[See verse 3]</n> will be revealed, the one whom the Lord Jesus will destroy with the breath of His mouth and bring to an end by the brilliant appearance of His presence <n>[i.e., at His second coming]</n>.


text:
The coming <n>[of this lawless person]</n> is according to the work of Satan, <n>[and will be]</n> attended by all kinds of powerful <n>[i.e., miraculous]</n> signs and false wonders,


text:
and all kinds of wicked deception toward those people who are perishing <n>[spiritually]</n>, because they refused to love the truth so they could be saved.


text:
And this is the reason that God sends them a strong delusion <n>[to influence them]</n>: It is so that they would believe the lie,


text:
in order that all those who have not believed the truth, but have taken pleasure in wrongdoing, would be condemned.


text:
But we ought to thank God for you always, brothers <n>[who are]</n> dearly loved by the Lord, because God has chosen you from the beginning <n>[Note: Some manuscripts use the Greek word for “first fruits” instead of “beginning” here, but it is difficult to know in what sense the Thessalonian Christians were “first”]</n>, in order to be saved through being set apart by the Holy Spirit and through belief of the truth <n>[of the Gospel]</n>.


text:
He called you <n>[to this salvation]</n> through our Gospel message, in order that you could obtain the splendor of our Lord Jesus Christ <n>[in heaven]</n>.


text:
So then, brothers, stand firm <n>[in the faith]</n>, and hold onto the <n>[inspired]</n> traditions which you were taught, whether by word <n>[of mouth]</n> or by a letter from us.


text:
Now, may our Lord Jesus Christ Himself and God our Father, who has loved us and given us never ending encouragement and good hope through <n>[His]</n> unearned favor,


text:
Finally, brothers, pray for us, so that the Lord’s message will spread quickly and be honored <n>[by people]</n>, even as it was among you.


text:
And <n>[pray]</n> that we will be rescued from wicked and evil people, because not everyone has faith.


text:
But the Lord is faithful, and He will strengthen and protect you from the evil one <n>[Note: The Greek says just “the evil”]</n>.


text:
And we have confidence in <n>[the fellowship of]</n> the Lord concerning you, that you are doing, and will continue to do the things we command you.


text:
And may the Lord direct your hearts to love <n>[people]</n> as God does, and to be steadfast as Christ was.


text:
Now we command you, brothers, in the name <n>[i.e., by the authority]</n> of our Lord Jesus Christ, that you people stay away from every brother <n>[or sister]</n> who lives an idle life <n>[See note on I Thess. 5:14]</n>, and not according to the <n>[inspired]</n> tradition which you received from us.


text:
For you, yourselves, know how you ought to follow our example, for we did not live in idleness when we were among you;


text:
neither did we eat anyone’s food without paying for it. But by hard labor and toil, we worked night and day so as not to be a burden to any of you.


text:
<n>[We did this]</n>, not because we did not have a right <n>[to support]</n>, but so we could become an example for you to imitate.


text:
For even when we were with you, we gave you this order: If any person does not <n>[want to]</n> work, he should not <n>[get to]</n> eat.


text:
For we hear that some of you are living in idleness, refusing to work, but <n>[instead]</n> are just being busybodies.


text:
Now we command and urge such people, in <n>[the fellowship of]</n> the Lord Jesus Christ, that they work quietly and earn their own living.


text:
And if any person does not obey our instructions, <n>[given]</n> in this letter, you should take note of him so that you do not associate with him, in hope that he will become ashamed <n>[of his conduct]</n>.


text:
And yet do not consider him to be an enemy, but warn him as <n>[you would]</n> a <n>[Christian]</n> brother.


text:
Now may the Lord Himself, <n>[who is the source]</n> of peace, give you peace at all times and in every circumstance. May the Lord be with all of you.


text:
This greeting <n>[is being written]</n> by me, Paul, in my own handwriting; it is the signature I write in every letter.


text:
<n>[This letter is from]</n> Paul, an apostle of Christ Jesus, by the command of God our Savior and Christ Jesus our hope <n>[of never ending life. See Titus 3:7]</n>.


text:
<n>[It is being sent]</n> to Timothy, my true son in the faith <n>[i.e., in the realm of Christianity, not in a physical sense]</n>. May you have unearned favor, mercy and peace from God the Father and Christ Jesus our Lord.


text:
As I urged you to do when I was leaving Macedonia <n>[See Acts 20:1ff]</n>, I want you to remain in Ephesus in order to urge certain people not to teach a different <n>[i.e., false]</n> doctrine,


text:
and not to listen to legends or exhaustive lists of ancestors. These <n>[only]</n> serve to arouse speculations, rather than <n>[promote]</n> God’s plan which is based on faith.


text:
But the goal of this instruction is <n>[to]</n> love <n>[God and people]</n> from a pure heart, a good conscience and a sincere faith.


text:
They want to be teachers of the Law of Moses, even though they do not understand what they are saying or what they are affirming with <n>[such]</n> confidence.


text:
We <n>[also]</n> know this: law <n>[or, “the Law of Moses”]</n> is not intended for a righteous person, but for lawbreakers and rebels, for ungodly people and sinners, for unholy and irreverent people, for people who kill their parents, for murderers,


text:
for sexually immoral people, for homosexuals, for kidnappers, for liars, and for people who give false testimony. And <n>[law is for]</n> everything else that is against the sound teaching


text:
I thank Christ Jesus our Lord who has strengthened me, appointing me to the ministry <n>[i.e., to His service]</n>, because He considered me trustworthy,


text:
<n>[even]</n> though I had previously spoken against Christ, and persecuted <n>[Christians]</n> and acted outrageously. However, I obtained mercy because I acted out of ignorance, not believing <n>[in Christ]</n>.


text:
<n>[But]</n> the unearned favor of our Lord was given to me in great abundance, producing faith and love which are <n>[found]</n> in <n>[the fellowship of]</n> Christ Jesus.


text:
This saying is trustworthy and deserves to be fully accepted: Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners, and I am the worst of them all.


text:
However, even though I was the worst, I obtained mercy so that the patience of Jesus Christ could be shown toward the worst <n>[of sinners]</n> as an example for those people who would later believe in Him in order to <n>[receive]</n> never ending life.


text:
Now, may there be honor and praise forever and ever to the eternal King, the immortal, invisible, only God. May it be so.


text:
I give you this instruction, my son Timothy, in keeping with the previously spoken prophecies <n>[i.e., predictions]</n> about you, so that by <n>[following]</n> them you will fight the good battle,


text:
holding on to <n>[your]</n> faith and a good conscience. Some people have rejected these things, resulting in the “shipwreck” of their faith <n>[i.e., their spiritual life was ruined]</n>.


text:
Among these people are Hymenaeus and Alexander, whom I delivered over to Satan <n>[Note: This probably refers to withdrawing fellowship from them. See I Cor. 5:1-5]</n>, so that they would learn not to speak against God <n>[anymore]</n>.


text:
First of all, then, I urge you to offer <n>[special]</n> requests, prayers, intercessions <n>[Note: “Intercessions” probably refers to praying on behalf of others]</n>, and thanksgivings for all people.


text:
<n>[Offer them]</n> for kings and for all people in prominent <n>[governmental]</n> positions, so that we can live a peaceful and quiet life in all reverence <n>[toward God]</n> and respectability <n>[toward people]</n>.


text:
who gave Himself as a ransom on behalf of all people <n>[i.e., as a substitute in place of others]</n>. The proper time for the testimony <n>[of this event to be proclaimed]</n> has arrived. <n>[Note: The correct meaning of the foregoing sentence is very difficult to determine]</n>.


text:
I was appointed to be a preacher <n>[of this testimony]</n> and an apostle and teacher of the true faith to the Gentiles. (I am telling the truth and not lying).


text:
Therefore, I want the men to pray in every place <n>[i.e., in all worship assemblies. See verses 1-2]</n>, lifting up holy hands without being angry or argumentative. <n>[Note: This passage stresses both the physical and spiritual aspects of prayer]</n>.


text:
I also want the women to dress themselves in proper clothing, with modesty and discretion, not with <n>[elaborately]</n> braided hair, or gold <n>[ornaments]</n>, or pearls, or expensive clothing,


text:
But I do not allow a woman to teach or to exercise authority over a man <n>[in the assembly]</n>, but she should remain quiet.


text:
And Adam was not <n>[the one]</n> deceived, but <n>[it was]</n> the woman who, when deceived, fell into sin.


text:
But she <n>[i.e., womankind]</n> will be saved <n>[from condemnation, in spite of the “curse” of suffering pain]</n> through childbearing <n>[See Gen. 3:16]</n>, provided they <n>[i.e., all women]</n> continue to have faith and love and holiness, along with discretion.


text:
This is a trustworthy saying: If any man eagerly desires to be an overseer <n>[i.e., an elder]</n>, he desires a noble task.


text:
Now the overseer must be above reproach, the husband of <n>[only]</n> one wife, sober-minded <n>[Note: When this word, used here figuratively, is used in its literal sense, it means to abstain from intoxicating drinks]</n>, sensible, respectable, hospitable, capable of teaching.


text:
<n>[He must]</n> not be a drunkard or a fighter, but gentle, not quarrelsome, not wanting to get money by questionable <n>[or, dishonest]</n> means.


text:
<n>[He must]</n> manage his own family well and, with dignity, keep his children in subjection <n>[or, “respectful”]</n>.


text:
For if a man does not know how to manage his own family, how will he be able to take care of the church of God?


text:
<n>[He must]</n> not be a new convert or else he could become conceited <n>[i.e., over being in a leadership position]</n> and fall into the <n>[same]</n> condemnation incurred by the devil.


text:
He must also have a good reputation among outsiders <n>[i.e., non-Christians]</n>, or else he could fall into reproach <n>[i.e., from worldly people]</n> and <n>[therefore]</n> into the devil’s trap.


text:
Similarly, deacons should be serious-minded <n>[i.e., dignified]</n>, not saying one thing while meaning another, not drinking a lot of wine <n>[Note: The wine of Paul’s day was used as a common drink, and was either non-intoxicating or far less intoxicating than wine today]</n>, not wanting to get money by questionable <n>[or, dishonest]</n> means.


text:
And these <n>[prospective deacons]</n> should also first be tested, <n>[and]</n> then they should <n>[be appointed to]</n> serve <n>[as deacons]</n> if they are found to be above reproach.


text:
Women <n>[i.e., probably the deacons’ wives]</n>, in the same way, should be serious-minded <n>[i.e., dignified]</n>, not gossips, <n>[but]</n> sober-minded <n>[see verse 2]</n> and trustworthy in everything.


text:
For those who have served well <n>[as deacons]</n> acquire for themselves a good standing <n>[i.e., they are respected in the church]</n>, and the ability to speak boldly <n>[or, to act confidently]</n> in the faith that is in Christ Jesus <n>[i.e., in the Christian faith]</n>.


text:
so that, if I am delayed, you will know how people ought to behave themselves in God’s family, which is the church of the living God, the <n>[supporting]</n> column and foundation of the truth.


text:
And without question the revealed secret of godly living is great. <n>[It is this]</n>: He <n>[i.e., Christ, or God]</n>, who appeared in a fleshly body <n>[was]</n> vindicated <n>[of false charges]</n> by the Holy Spirit; <n>[He was]</n> seen by angels, was preached among the nations, was believed in throughout the world <n>[and finally]</n> was taken up into glory <n>[i.e., heaven]</n>.


text:
Now the Holy Spirit specifically says that in later times <n>[Note: “Later times” in the New Testament usually refers to the period following the first coming of Christ and the establishment of the church]</n>, some people will fall away from the faith <n>[i.e., the true teaching of Christianity]</n>. They will pay attention to deceitful spirits <n>[i.e., lying people]</n> and the teaching of evil spirits.


text:
<n>[Such teaching will be spread]</n> by hypocritical liars, whose consciences have been seared over as with a hot iron <n>[i.e., making them insensitive to their guilt]</n>.


text:
They forbid people to get married and require them to avoid <n>[eating]</n> certain foods, which God created to be received with thanksgiving by those who believe and <n>[fully]</n> know the truth.


text:
For everything created by God is permitted <n>[to be eaten]</n> and nothing should be refused, if it is received with gratitude,


text:
If you point out these things to the brothers you will be a good minister of Christ Jesus, and will be nurtured by the message of the faith and of the good teaching which you have been following.


text:
But you should have nothing to do with those worldly myths <n>[See 1:4]</n> and superstitious tales <n>[often]</n> told by old women. Instead, train yourself for living a godly life.


text:
For physical training is useful to some extent <n>[or, “for a short time”]</n>, but living godly is useful in every way, for it promises benefits <n>[not only]</n> for the present life, but <n>[also]</n> for the life to come.


text:
For that reason we work hard and struggle, because we have our hope set on the living God, who is the Savior of all people, <n>[and]</n> especially of those who believe <n>[in Christ]</n>.


text:
Do not allow anyone to look down on you because you are <n>[so]</n> young, but you should be an example to those who believe <n>[in Christ]</n> in your speech, in your conduct, in your love, in your faith <n>[and]</n> in your purity.


text:
Until I come <n>[to you]</n>, pay attention to the <n>[public]</n> reading <n>[of Scripture]</n>, to exhorting people and to teaching.


text:
Do not neglect <n>[using]</n> the gift <n>[i.e., of serving as an evangelist. See II Tim. 4:5]</n>, which was given to you in response to a prophetic message <n>[or, prediction]</n>, along with the laying on of the elders’ hands <n>[i.e., signifying your appointment]</n>.


text:
Be attentive to these things <n>[i.e., all of the foregoing]</n>; be involved in <n>[practicing]</n> them, so that your progress <n>[in the ministry]</n> will be evident to everyone.


text:
Pay close attention to yourself and to what you teach <n>[people]</n>. Continue doing these things, for in doing them you will both save yourself and those who listen to you.


text:
Do not rebuke an older man, but appeal to him as <n>[you would to]</n> your father. <n>[Appeal to]</n> the younger men as <n>[you would to]</n> your brothers;


text:
<n>[to]</n> older women as <n>[you would to]</n> mothers; <n>[to]</n> the younger women as <n>[you would to]</n> your sisters, in a <n>[morally]</n> pure way.


text:
Show consideration for true widows <n>[i.e., those destitute of family members to care for them]</n>.


text:
But if any widow has children or grandchildren, these should first learn <n>[how]</n> to show respectful consideration for their own family members, and <n>[thus]</n> to repay their parents <n>[i.e., for bringing them up and caring for their material needs]</n>, for this is pleasing in the sight of God.


text:
Now the woman who is a true widow, and living all alone, has placed her hope in God and continues <n>[to offer]</n> special requests and prayers <n>[for help (?)]</n> night and day.


text:
But the widow who devotes herself to unrestrained pleasure is <n>[spiritually]</n> dead, even while still living.


text:
Command these things also, so that they <n>[i.e., the widows and their families]</n> can live above reproach.


text:
But if anyone does not provide for <n>[the needs of]</n> his own <n>[relatives]</n>, and especially for his own <n>[immediate]</n> family, he has denied the faith <n>[i.e., the fundamental beliefs of Christianity]</n>, and is worse than an unbeliever.


text:
<n>[But]</n> do not put a widow on the list <n>[i.e., of people being helped by the church. See Acts 6:1]</n> who is under sixty years old. <n>[And she must]</n> have been the wife of one man,


text:
having a reputation for doing good deeds, <n>[such as]</n> bringing up children, showing hospitality to strangers, washing the feet of the saints <n>[i.e., God’s holy people]</n>, assisting people in trouble and devoting herself to doing all <n>[other]</n> kinds of good deeds.


text:
But refuse <n>[to put]</n> younger widows <n>[on the list. See verse 9]</n>, because when they become restless for sensual pleasure, contrary to <n>[their commitment to]</n> Christ, they want to get married <n>[again]</n>.


text:
Thus, they bring the judgment <n>[for being untrustworthy]</n> on themselves because they have broken their previous pledge. <n>[Note: This probably refers to younger widows who pledged themselves to fulfill some important church activity and then quit suddenly to get married. But some suggest it refers to them leaving the faith and marrying a non-Christian]</n>.


text:
And on top of that, they learn to be idle, going around from house to house; and not only idle, but also gossips and busybodies, talking about things they should not be.


text:
Therefore, I want the younger widows to get married, have children and manage their homes, so that they do not give the enemy <n>[i.e., non-Christians]</n> an opportunity for speaking against <n>[the church]</n>.


text:
For some <n>[young widows]</n> have already turned away <n>[from their commitment to God]</n> to serve Satan.


text:
<n>[So]</n>, if any woman believer has widows <n>[in her family]</n>, she should take care of them and not require the church to be burdened, so that it can take care of the true widows <n>[i.e., destitute ones]</n>.


text:
The elders who lead <n>[the church]</n> well should be considered deserving of double honor <n>[Note: This probably refers to financial support in addition to the honor of the office]</n>, especially those who work hard at <n>[preaching]</n> the word and at teaching it.


text:
For the Scripture says <n>[Deut. 25:4]</n>, “You should not put a muzzle on the ox while it tramples over the grain.” And <n>[Luke 10:7]</n>, “The worker deserves his wages.”


text:
You should rebuke in front of everyone <n>[in the church]</n> those elders who continue to sin, so that the rest <n>[of the congregation]</n> will be afraid <n>[of sinning]</n>.


text:
I solemnly urge you, in the presence of God, and Christ Jesus and the elect <n>[i.e., chosen]</n> angels, that you obey these instructions without showing prejudice <n>[toward anyone]</n>, or doing anything out of partiality.


text:
Do not be in a hurry to lay hands on anyone <n>[i.e., to appoint them to office. See 4:14]</n>, and do not participate in the sins of other people. <n>[Note: If Timothy failed to carefully determine the qualifications of a prospective elder before appointing him, it would make him partially responsible for any wrongdoing by that elder]</n>. Keep yourself pure <n>[i.e., of involvement in anyone’s sins]</n>.


text:
Do not continue drinking water only, but use a little wine <n>[i.e., for its medicinal value]</n> for your stomach and for your frequent <n>[other]</n> ailments.


text:
The sins of some people are evident, preceding them to <n>[the day of]</n> judgment, but the sins of other people follow them there.


text:
In the same way, the good deeds <n>[of people]</n> are <n>[also]</n> evident, and even those <n>[deeds]</n> which are not <n>[good]</n> cannot be hidden.


text:
All those people who are under the reins of slavery <n>[i.e., in subjection to someone]</n> should consider their own masters as deserving of full respect, so that God’s name and <n>[His]</n> teaching will not be spoken against <n>[i.e., by unbelievers]</n>.


text:
And those slaves who have believing masters should not despise them, since they are <n>[Christian]</n> brothers, but rather they should serve them all the more <n>[faithfully]</n>. For those <n>[masters]</n> who benefit from their service are believers and dearly loved <n>[by them and God]</n>. Teach and exhort people regarding these things.


text:
If anyone teaches a different doctrine <n>[i.e., from what has been urged above]</n>, and does not agree to <n>[proclaim the]</n> sound words of our Lord Jesus Christ and to teaching that is godly <n>[i.e., in harmony with godliness]</n>,


text:
that person is conceited. He does not understand anything, but has an unhealthy concern for controversy and arguments over words, which produce envy, dissension, abusive language, evil suspicions,


text:
<n>[and]</n> continual wrangling between people with corrupt minds, who are deprived of the truth. They think that <n>[professing]</n> godliness is a way to obtain <n>[financial]</n> gain.


text:
But if we have <n>[enough]</n> food and clothing, we will <n>[i.e., should]</n> be content with that.


text:
But those people who want to get rich fall into temptation and a trap and into many foolish and harmful desires, which plunge people into ruin and <n>[spiritual]</n> destruction.


text:
For, loving money is a source of all kinds of evil, <n>[and]</n> some people who crave it have been led astray from the faith, and have stabbed themselves <n>[in the heart]</n> with many sorrows.


text:
But you, man of God, run from these things <n>[See verses 3-10]</n>, and pursue right living and godliness, having faith, love, perseverance and gentleness.


text:
Fight the good battle of the faith; take hold of never ending life, to which you were called <n>[i.e., by the Gospel. See II Thess. 2:14]</n>, <n>[when]</n> you made the good confession in the presence of many witnesses. <n>[Note: This “confession” probably refers to a person’s acknowledgment of Jesus as Lord and Christ prior to his immersion. See Acts 2:36; Rom. 10:9-10]</n>.


text:
I <n>[solemnly]</n> urge you in the presence of God, who gives life to everything, and of Christ Jesus, who made the good confession when He testified in front of Pontius Pilate <n>[See John 18:37; Matt. 27:17]</n>,


text:
to obey this command without <n>[moral]</n> blemish or blame. <n>[Note: This “command” probably refers to Timothy’s responsibility to fulfill his ministry. See verses 11-12; II Tim. 4:1-2]</n>. <n>[Do this]</n> until our Lord Jesus Christ returns,


text:
which God will bring about in its <n>[or, “His”]</n> own time. <n>[For]</n> He is the blessed and only Ruler, the King of kings, and the Lord of lords.


text:
He alone possesses immortality <n>[Note: That is, only God possesses an eternal existence, with neither beginning nor ending. See John 5:26]</n>, and lives in unapproachable light. No one has seen Him, or can see Him. May there be honor and never ending power to Him. May it be so.


text:
<n>[Solemnly]</n> urge those who are rich in this present world not to be arrogant, nor to place their hope in the uncertainty of <n>[their]</n> wealth, but in God, who generously supplies us with everything to enjoy.


text:
<n>[Urge them]</n> to do what is good, to be rich in <n>[the practice of]</n> good deeds, to be generous and willing to share <n>[with others]</n>.


text:
<n>[In that way]</n> they will store up for themselves a treasure <n>[of never ending rewards]</n> for providing a solid foundation for the future, so that they can take hold of the true life <n>[i.e., in heaven]</n>.


text:
<n>[So]</n>, Timothy, guard <n>[the Gospel message]</n> which has been entrusted to you, while avoiding worldly, empty chatter and the opposing ideas of what is falsely called “knowledge,”


text:
which some people have claimed <n>[to have]</n>, and in doing so have strayed from the faith. May <n>[God’s]</n> unearned favor be upon you.


text:
<n>[This letter is from]</n> Paul, an apostle of Christ Jesus by the will of God, according to <n>[the ministry of proclaiming]</n> the promise of never ending life, which is <n>[obtained]</n> through <n>[fellowship with]</n> Christ Jesus.


text:
<n>[It is being sent]</n> to Timothy, my dearly loved son. May you have unearned favor, mercy and peace from God the Father and Christ Jesus our Lord.


text:
I thank God, whom I worship <n>[or, “serve”]</n> with a clear conscience, as my forefathers did, that I can remember you <n>[i.e., your commitment]</n> continually in my prayers night and day.


text:
Remembering how you cried <n>[Note: This was probably when Paul and Timothy last parted]</n>, I long to see you <n>[again]</n>, so that I can be filled with joy.


text:
I <n>[also]</n> remember the sincere faith you have in your heart, which first lived in your grandmother Lois and in your mother Eunice and, I am convinced, lives in you <n>[too]</n>.


text:
The reason I am reminding you <n>[of these things]</n> is so that you will rekindle the gift from God, which is in your life through the laying on my hands. <n>[Note: This “gift” was probably his ordination to serve as an evangelist (See 4:1-5), and in addition, may have included a supernatural “spiritual gift” bestowed by the apostle Paul]</n>.


text:
For God did not give us a spirit <n>[i.e., a disposition]</n> that makes us cowards but one that gives us power and love and self-control.


text:
So, do not be ashamed to testify for our Lord, or ashamed of <n>[being associated with]</n> me, His prisoner, but <n>[be willing to]</n> suffer hardship with me for the sake of the Gospel, relying on God’s power <n>[to sustain you]</n>.


text:
<n>[It is]</n> God who saved us and called us to live holy lives <n>[or, “to be dedicated people”]</n>, not as a result of our <n>[good]</n> deeds, but in harmony with His own purpose and unearned favor. <n>[This was]</n> given to us through <n>[the atoning work of]</n> Christ Jesus, before the beginning of time. <n>[Note: Salvation through Christ was planned before time began. See Titus 1:2; Rom. 16:25; Eph. 1:4]</n>.


text:
But, it has <n>[only]</n> now been made known to us by the appearance of our Savior Christ Jesus, who has put an end to death and brought <n>[never ending]</n> life and incorruption <n>[i.e., immortality]</n> to light through the Gospel <n>[message]</n>,


text:
For I am suffering these things <n>[See verse 8]</n> for this reason <n>[i.e., because of being a Gospel preacher]</n>. Yet I am not ashamed because I know whom I have believed in <n>[i.e., Jesus]</n>, and I am convinced that He is able to guard what I have entrusted to Him <n>[i.e., Paul’s spiritual well-being]</n> until that day <n>[i.e., the Day of Judgment]</n>.


text:
You should hold on firmly to the pattern of sound teaching that you have heard from me, while <n>[maintaining your]</n> faith and love in <n>[harmony with]</n> Christ Jesus.


text:
<n>[Also]</n> guard that precious treasure <n>[i.e., the Gospel message]</n> which was entrusted to you by the Holy Spirit, who lives in us.


text:
You know that all those people in <n>[the province of]</n> Asia deserted me <n>[i.e., those who could have helped me]</n>, including Phygelus and Hermogenes.


text:
<n>[But]</n>, may the Lord grant mercy to Onesiphorus’ family, for he cheered me up many times and was not ashamed of my <n>[being in]</n> chains.


text:
May the Lord grant that he will find mercy on that day <n>[i.e., the Day of Judgment]</n>. And you know very well the many things he did to serve <n>[me while I was]</n> at Ephesus.


text:
So, may you, my son, be strengthened through the unearned favor that comes from <n>[your fellowship with]</n> Christ Jesus.


text:
And the things that you have heard from me in the presence of many witnesses, you should pass on to trustworthy men who will be able to teach other people also.


text:
No soldier on active duty, gets himself involved in the affairs of civilian life, so that he can please the person who enlisted him <n>[i.e., his commanding officer]</n>.


text:
And if a person competes as an athlete, he is not awarded the victor’s crown unless he competes according to the rules.


text:
<n>[In the face of trouble]</n> remember Jesus Christ, a descendant of King David, who was raised from the dead according to my Gospel,


text:
for which I am suffering difficulty <n>[here]</n> in prison, as <n>[though I were]</n> a criminal. But God’s message is not “in prison.”


text:
So, I endure everything for the elect’s sake <n>[i.e., God’s people]</n>, so that they can obtain the salvation which comes through Christ Jesus, with <n>[its]</n> never ending splendor.


text:
This saying is trustworthy: For if we have died with Christ <n>[i.e., stopped the practice of sin, See Rom. 6:1-11]</n>, we will also live with Him <n>[i.e., both here and hereafter]</n>.


text:
If we endure <n>[i.e., remain faithful through suffering]</n>, we will also rule with Him <n>[i.e., both here and hereafter]</n>. If we deny Him, He will also deny us. <n>[See Matt. 10:33]</n>.


text:
If we prove to be unfaithful <n>[i.e., to our commitment to Christ]</n>, He <n>[still]</n> remains faithful <n>[to His word]</n>, for He cannot deny Himself. <n>[Note: This verse refers to Christ remaining true to His promise of either accepting or rejecting us. See Matt. 10:32-33]</n>.


text:
Remind them <n>[Note: This probably refers to the “trustworthy men” there at Ephesus. See 2:2]</n> of these things <n>[i.e., the truths just mentioned. Verses 8-13]</n>, solemnly urging them, in the presence of the Lord, not to argue over words, <n>[for]</n> it is useless and brings <n>[only]</n> ruin to those who listen to it.


text:
Do your best to present yourself as a worker who is approved by God <n>[and]</n> does not have to be ashamed, <n>[because you are]</n> accurately handling <n>[i.e., explaining]</n> the message of truth.


text:
who have strayed from the truth <n>[by]</n> saying that the resurrection <n>[from the dead]</n> has already happened and are undermining the faith of some people.


text:
However, the solid foundation of God stands firm. <n>[Note: This probably refers to the church. See I Tim. 3:15]</n>. It is sealed with these words <n>[i.e., certifying God’s ownership and a commitment to Him]</n>: “The Lord knows those who are His people,” <n>[See Num. 16:5]</n>, and “Everyone who confesses the name of the Lord should stop practicing wickedness.” <n>[See Isa. 26:13]</n>.


text:
Now in a large house there are utensils made, not only of gold and silver, but also of wood and clay. And some are for honorable uses <n>[i.e., for special occasions]</n> and some are for common, ordinary use.


text:
If a person rids himself of the common ones <n>[i.e., the influences of evil people and qualities]</n>, he will be an instrument for <n>[God’s]</n> honor, dedicated, suitable for use by the Master, <n>[and]</n> prepared for <n>[doing]</n> every good deed.


text:
But run from the evil desires of youth and pursue <n>[the practice of]</n> right living, faith, love and peace, along with those people who call on the Lord <n>[i.e., in prayer]</n> from a pure heart.


text:
But refuse <n>[to participate in]</n> foolish and stupid arguments, knowing that they produce quarreling.


text:
For the Lord’s slave must not quarrel, but be kind toward everyone, capable of teaching, <n>[and]</n> patient <n>[with difficult people and situations]</n>.


text:
<n>[He must]</n> gently correct those people who oppose <n>[him]</n>, in hope that God will give them <n>[opportunity for]</n> repentance, leading to a <n>[full]</n> knowledge of the truth,


text:
and that they will come to their senses and escape from being trapped by the devil, who had captured them to do what he wanted.


text:
But you should know this: There will be terrible times in the last days <n>[of the Christian age]</n>.


text:
For people will be lovers of themselves, lovers of money, boastful, arrogant, abusive talkers, disobedient to their parents, ungrateful, unholy,


text:
lacking in natural affection, unwilling to be reconciled <n>[to their enemies]</n>, slanderers, lacking self-control, brutal, haters of what is good,


text:
treacherous <n>[i.e., betrayers]</n>, reckless, conceited, <n>[and]</n> lovers of pleasure rather than lovers of God.


text:
<n>[These people]</n> maintain an appearance of being godly, but they have denied its power; <n>[you should]</n> turn away from such people.


text:
They are the kind of people who enter homes and influence <n>[morally]</n> weak-willed women, loaded down with sins, <n>[and]</n> led on by all kinds of evil desires.


text:
They are constantly learning and <n>[yet]</n> never able to arrive at a <n>[full]</n> knowledge of the truth.


text:
These people oppose the truth just like Jannes and Jambres opposed Moses. They have corrupt minds and are worthless as far as the faith is concerned.


text:
But they will not advance any farther <n>[in their sin]</n> because their foolish ways will become obvious to everyone, just as those of Jannes and Jambres were.


text:
But you have followed <n>[Note: These words mean “to observe closely, have a keen interest in”]</n> my teaching, conduct, purpose, faith, patience, love, perseverance,


text:
persecutions and sufferings. You know what kind of things happened to me at Antioch, Iconium and Lystra <n>[See Acts 13:13-14:23]</n>, and what <n>[severe]</n> persecutions I experienced <n>[there]</n>. But the Lord rescued me from all of them.


text:
In fact, everyone who wants to live a godly life in <n>[the service of]</n> Christ will be persecuted.


text:
But evil people and impostors will go from bad to worse <n>[in their behavior]</n>, deceiving people and being deceived by them.


text:
But you should continue <n>[to believe and practice]</n> what you have learned and been convinced of, knowing those from whom you learned it. <n>[Note: These persons would include Lois and Eunice (See I Tim. 1:5), as well as Paul himself]</n>.


text:
And <n>[remember]</n> that, from childhood, you have known the sacred Scriptures which are able to make you wise <n>[enough]</n> to be saved through faith in Christ Jesus.


text:
All Scripture is inspired by God <n>[Note: Literally, this word means “breathed out by God”]</n> and is useful for teaching <n>[truth]</n>, rebuking <n>[wrongdoing]</n>, correcting <n>[error]</n> and for providing instruction <n>[i.e., training]</n> on how to live right,


text:
In the presence of God and of Christ Jesus, who will judge <n>[both]</n> those still alive and those who have already died, and in view of His appearing <n>[i.e., at His second coming]</n> and His kingdom <n>[i.e., when it is revealed in its eternal splendor]</n>, I solemnly urge you:


text:
Preach the <n>[Gospel]</n> message; be prepared <n>[to do it both]</n> when it is convenient and when it is inconvenient; reprove <n>[i.e., convince people of their wrongdoing]</n>, rebuke <n>[i.e., convict people of their sin]</n>, and exhort <n>[i.e., urge people to act]</n>, with great patience and teaching.


text:
For the time will come when people will not tolerate sound teaching, but will assemble to themselves teachers who will satisfy what their “itching ears” want to hear.


text:
But you should be sober-minded about everything, <n>[willing to]</n> endure hardship, do the work of an evangelist, fulfill your ministry.


text:
For I am already being “poured out like a drink offering,” and the time for me to leave has come. <n>[Note: Paul here likens the prospect of shedding his blood for the work of Christ to the pouring of wine and oil on an Old Testament sacrifice]</n>.


text:
I have fought the good battle; I have finished the race; I have kept the faith <n>[i.e., I have been true to my commitment]</n>.


text:
So, now there is a crown of righteousness reserved for me, which the Lord, who is a just Judge, will award me on that day <n>[i.e., the Judgment Day]</n>, and not to me only, but also to everyone who has loved <n>[the prospect of]</n> His appearing.


text:
for Demas loved this world and <n>[so]</n> has deserted me and gone to Thessalonica. Crescens has gone to Galatia and Titus to Dalmatia.


text:
Luke is the only one <n>[of my fellow-workers still]</n> with me. Pick up Mark and bring him with you for he <n>[will be]</n> helpful to me in <n>[my]</n> ministry.


text:
When you come, bring my cloak that I left at Troas with Crispus, along with the scrolls and especially the parchments.


text:
At my first defense <n>[Note: Paul here refers to his initial hearing before the Roman court]</n> no one supported me, but everyone deserted me. May it not be held against them.


text:
But the Lord stood by me and strengthened me, so that through me the message could be fully proclaimed and that all the Gentiles could hear it. And I was rescued from the lion’s mouth. <n>[Note: This is probably a figure of speech indicating that Paul had escaped some immediate danger. See Psa. 22:20-21]</n>.


text:
The Lord will <n>[continue to]</n> rescue me from all harm and will bring me safely into His heavenly kingdom. May He be praised forever and ever. May it be so.


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Hurry up and come <n>[to me]</n> before winter. Eubulus sends his greetings, along with Pudens, and Linus, and Claudia and all <n>[the rest of]</n> the brothers.


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<n>[This letter is from]</n> Paul, a slave of God, and an apostle for <n>[the benefit of]</n> the faith of God’s elect <n>[i.e., His chosen people]</n> and <n>[to spread]</n> the knowledge of the truth which leads to godliness,


text:
<n>[and provides]</n> hope for never ending life. God, who cannot lie, promised this <n>[life]</n> before the beginning of time,


text:
but at the proper time revealed <n>[it]</n> through the message entrusted to me to proclaim, by the commandment of God our Savior.


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<n>[It is being sent]</n> to Titus, my true son, <n>[who shares]</n> in a common faith. <n>[May you have]</n> unearned favor and peace <n>[which come]</n> from God the Father and Christ Jesus our Savior.


text:
The reason I left you in Crete <n>[Note: This was an island in the Mediterranean Sea off the southern coast of Greece]</n> was so you could set in order the things that were lacking and appoint elders in every city <n>[i.e., where there was a church]</n>, as I directed you.


text:
<n>[An elder must]</n> not be guilty of just blame, <n>[he must be]</n> the husband of one wife, whose children are believers <n>[Note: The word for “believers” may also be translated “faithful ones” or “trustworthy ones”]</n>, who have a reputation for not being wild or disobedient.


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As God’s manager <n>[of the church]</n>, an overseer must be free from just blame, not a drunkard, not a fighter <n>[and]</n> not in love with money.


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<n>[He must be]</n> hospitable, someone who loves what is good, sensible, upright, devout and self-controlled.


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<n>[He must]</n> hold on firmly to the trustworthy message, which is according to <n>[our]</n> teaching, so that he will be able both to exhort people with sound teaching and to convince those who contradict it.


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For there are many rebellious people, especially among the circumcision <n>[i.e., the Jews]</n>, whose talk is useless and who deceive people.


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They must be silenced <n>[because]</n> they are upsetting entire families by teaching things they should not be for the shameful purpose of making money.


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Even one of their own prophets said, “The people of Crete are always liars, vicious beasts and lazy gluttons.”


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<n>[And]</n> this testimony is true. <n>[So]</n>, for this reason you should rebuke them severely, so that they will be sound in the faith,


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Everything is pure <n>[i.e., ceremonially acceptable]</n> to the person who is pure <n>[i.e., who has been cleansed by the blood of Christ]</n>, but to those who are <n>[spiritually]</n> corrupt, and do not believe <n>[in Christ]</n>, nothing is pure, but both their minds and consciences are corrupted. <n>[Note: This statement was intended to remove the physical restrictions imposed by the Law of Moses]</n>.


text:
These people claim to know God <n>[as Savior]</n>, but they deny Him by their actions, so they are detestable and disobedient and unfit for doing anything good.


text:
Older men should be sober-minded <n>[See note at I Tim. 3:2]</n>, dignified <n>[i.e., respectable]</n>, sensible, sound in the faith <n>[or, “in their faith”]</n>, in their love and in their perseverance.


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Older women, likewise, should be reverent in their behavior, not slanderers, not addicted to much wine, teachers of what is good.


text:
to be sensible, <n>[morally]</n> pure, <n>[good]</n> homemakers, kind <n>[and]</n> in subjection to their own husbands, so that God’s message will not be spoken against.


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In everything <n>[you do]</n>, you should show that you are a <n>[proper]</n> example of doing good deeds. In your teaching show integrity, dignity,


text:
and sound speech that cannot be condemned, so that the person who opposes <n>[us]</n> will have to be ashamed for not having anything bad to say about us.


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Slaves should be in subjection to their own masters in everything. They should try hard to please them, without talking back


text:
or keeping <n>[part of their master’s]</n> property for themselves, but proving to be completely trustworthy, so that they will make the teaching of God our Savior attractive in every way.


text:
For God’s unearned favor has appeared, bringing salvation to all people <n>[i.e., in the coming of Christ]</n>.


text:
It instructs us to give up ungodly living and worldly desires and to live sensible, righteous and godly lives in this present age,


text:
while looking forward to the blessed hope <n>[i.e., the hope that produces blessings]</n> and the coming splendor of our great God and Savior Jesus Christ.


text:
He gave Himself up for us, to buy us back from <n>[enslavement to]</n> all <n>[kinds of]</n> wickedness and to purify for Himself a group of people who belong to Him and who are eager to do good deeds.


text:
You should teach these things and exhort and rebuke people with full authority. Do not let anyone look down on you. <n>[See note on I Tim. 4:12]</n>.


text:
Remind the people <n>[where you minister]</n> to be in subjection to <n>[civic]</n> rulers, <n>[governmental]</n> authorities, to be obedient <n>[to them]</n>, to be prepared for <n>[doing]</n> every good deed,


text:
to slander no one, to be peaceful, to be considerate <n>[or, “gentle”]</n> and to show every courtesy to all people.


text:
For we <n>[Christians]</n> were also once foolish, disobedient, deceived, enslaved to various kinds of <n>[evil]</n> desires and <n>[sinful]</n> pleasures. <n>[We used to]</n> live in malice and envy, hating people and being hated by them.


text:
He saved us, not because of any good deeds we ourselves had done, but because of His mercy. <n>[He saved us]</n> through the washing of new birth <n>[Note: This refers to our immersion in water]</n> and the renewing <n>[work]</n> of the Holy Spirit,


text:
<n>[This was]</n> so that, being made right with God by His unearned favor, we could have the hope of <n>[possessing our]</n> inheritance of never ending life <n>[in heaven]</n>.


text:
This saying is trustworthy and I want you <n>[in your teaching]</n> to affirm these things with confidence, so that those people who have trusted God will be careful to devote themselves to doing good deeds. These things <n>[i.e., just mentioned]</n> are good and profitable for people <n>[to do]</n>.


text:
But you should avoid foolish arguments, and <n>[pointless]</n> discussions about ancestors, and quarrels and disputes about <n>[observance of]</n> the Law of Moses, for they are unprofitable and useless.


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After you have warned a divisive person twice, have nothing more to do with him <n>[i.e., withdraw spiritual fellowship from him]</n>.


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You can be sure that such a person is <n>[spiritually]</n> corrupt and sinful, and that he is condemned by his own actions.


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As soon as I send Artemas or Tychicus to you, do your best to come to me at Nicopolis <n>[Note: Since there were several places by this name, its exact location is unknown]</n>, because I plan to spend the winter there.


text:
Do all you can <n>[materially]</n> to send Zenas the lawyer and Apollos on their journey, so that they do not <n>[have to]</n> lack anything <n>[they need]</n>.


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Our people <n>[i.e., the Christians there on Crete]</n> also should learn to practice good deeds for meeting pressing needs, so that they can be productive <n>[in the Lord’s work]</n>.


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All those who are with me send you their greetings. Greet those who love us in the faith <n>[i.e., our fellow Christians]</n>. May God’s unearned favor be with all of you.


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<n>[This letter is from]</n> Paul, a prisoner of Christ Jesus, and Timothy our brother, <n>[and is being sent]</n> to Philemon our dearly loved <n>[brother]</n> and fellow-worker,


text:
and to Apphia our sister <n>[Note: This was probably Philemon’s wife]</n>, and to Archippus our fellow-soldier <n>[Note: This was probably Philemon’s preacher son. See Col. 4:17]</n> and to the church <n>[that meets]</n> in your house.


text:
hearing of your love for all saints <n>[i.e., God’s holy people]</n>, and your faith toward the Lord Jesus.


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<n>[I pray]</n> that the sharing of your faith <n>[with others, or possibly with Paul]</n> will be effective when you fully realize all the good you can do for Christ.


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For I have much joy and encouragement from <n>[observing]</n> your love, because you have cheered the hearts of the saints <n>[i.e., God’s holy people]</n>, brother.


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Therefore, although in <n>[the fellowship of]</n> Christ I have enough boldness to order you to do the proper thing,


text:
yet out of <n>[mutual]</n> love, I appeal to you <n>[to do what I ask]</n>. For I Paul, am an old man, and now also a prisoner of Christ Jesus. <n>[Note: Most calculations suggest that Paul was approximately 60 years old, which was considered a relatively advanced age in that day]</n>.


text:
I appeal to you on behalf of my son, Onesimus, whom I <n>[spiritually]</n> conceived while <n>[here]</n> in prison.


text:
He was once useless to me, but is now useful to <n>[both]</n> you and me. <n>[Note: Since the name Onesimus means “useful,” it appears Paul is making an intentional play on the word]</n>.


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<n>[Now]</n> I am sending him back to you in person, <n>[as though he were]</n> part of my very self.


text:
I really wanted to keep him <n>[here]</n> with me so that, on your behalf, he could minister to me while in prison for the sake of the Gospel.


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But I did not want to do anything without your permission, so that your goodness <n>[of heart]</n> would not be shown out of a feeling of obligation, but out of willingness.


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not as a slave <n>[only]</n>, but more than a slave, as a dearly loved brother. <n>[He is that]</n> to me especially, but how much more to you, both in a physical way <n>[i.e., by continuing to serve as your slave]</n> and in <n>[the fellowship of]</n> the Lord <n>[i.e., now also as your brother in Christ]</n>.


text:
If then you consider me to be a partner <n>[in the faith]</n>, welcome him <n>[back]</n> as <n>[you would]</n> me.


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I, Paul, am writing this in my own handwriting: I will pay you back. <n>[But]</n> I will not mention that you owe me your own self, as well.


text:
So, brother, I would like to have your help in <n>[the fellowship of]</n> the Lord; cheer me up in Christ <n>[i.e., by welcoming Onesimus back on good terms]</n>.


text:
I am writing you, confident that you will be obedient <n>[to my requests]</n>, and I know that you will do even more than I am asking <n>[of you]</n>.


text:
And another thing: Prepare a place for me to stay, because I hope that through <n>[an answer to]</n> your prayers I will be returned to you. <n>[Note: Paul was hoping to be released from imprisonment to visit Philemon at Colosse]</n>.


text:
along with <n>[John]</n> Mark <n>[Note: This shows that Mark was now back in the good graces of Paul. See Acts 15:36-40]</n>, Aristarchus, Demas <n>[Note: This man later deserted Paul. See II Tim. 4:10]</n> and Luke, who are <n>[also]</n> my fellow-workers. <n>[Note: These men, unlike Epaphras who was imprisoned with Paul, were free to minister for Christ there in Rome]</n>.


text:
<n>[but]</n> during these final days He has spoken to us through His Son <n>[Note: This period refers to the Christian age (See Acts 2:14-36)]</n>, whom He appointed to be heir of all things <n>[and]</n> through whom He created the universe. <n>[See John 1:3; Col. 1:16]</n>.


text:
This Son expresses the radiance of God’s splendor and represents His very Being, and He sustains everything by His powerful word. After He had provided cleansing for <n>[people’s]</n> sins, He sat down at the right side of the Majesty <n>[i.e., God]</n> on high <n>[i.e., in heaven]</n>.


text:
He had become as much superior <n>[in rank]</n> to the angels as the name He inherited <n>[i.e., “Son.” See next verse]</n> was superior to theirs <n>[i.e., the name “angels” means “messengers”]</n>.


text:
For, to which angel did God ever say <n>[Psa. 2:7]</n>, “You are my Son, today I have conceived you?” And again <n>[II Sam. 7:14]</n>, “I will be His Father, and He will be my Son?”


text:
And again, when God sent the Firstborn One <n>[i.e., Jesus. See Rom. 8:29; Col. 1:15, 18; Rev. 1:5]</n> into the world, He said <n>[Deut. 32:43 LXX]</n>, “And all of God’s angels should worship Him.”


text:
But God said <n>[this]</n> about the angels <n>[Psa. 104:4 LXX]</n>, “He <n>[i.e., God]</n> makes His angels to be <n>[like]</n> winds and His servants <n>[like]</n> flames of fire.” <n>[Note: The idea is probably that angels obediently serve God’s purpose similar to the way wind and lightening do]</n>.


text:
But God says <n>[this]</n> about the Son <n>[Psa. 97:7]</n>, “Your throne <n>[i.e. kingdom]</n>, O God <n>[Note: “God” is here applied to Jesus]</n>, will last forever and ever, and righteousness will be the scepter <n>[i.e., the standard for ruling]</n> of your kingdom.


text:
You have loved what is right and hated what is wrong, therefore God, your God <n>[i.e., the Father]</n>, has placed you above your companions when He anointed you <n>[i.e., specially chose you]</n> with the oil of joy <n>[i.e., your selection as king was a joyous occasion]</n>.”


text:
And <n>[Psa. 102:25-27 says]</n>, “Lord, in the beginning you laid the foundations of the earth, and the heavens are the work of your hand.


text:
They will be destroyed, but you will remain. And they <n>[i.e., the heavens and earth]</n> will all wear out like an article of clothing.


text:
And you will fold them up like a robe, and they will be changed like an article of clothing. But you will stay the same and your years will never end.”


text:
But which one of the angels did God ever say <n>[this]</n> about <n>[Psa. 110:1]</n>, “You should sit at my right side until I put your enemies <n>[in full subjection]</n> beneath your feet?”


text:
Are not all angels ministering spirits sent out <n>[by God]</n> to serve those people who will inherit salvation?


text:
So <n>[then]</n>, we <n>[Christians]</n> should pay closer attention to the things we have heard, so that we do not drift away from <n>[believing and practicing]</n> them.


text:
For if the message spoken through angels proved to be binding <n>[Note: This is a reference to the Law of Moses. See Acts 7:53; Gal. 3:19]</n>, and every violation <n>[of it]</n> and disobedience <n>[to it]</n> received a just penalty,


text:
how will we escape <n>[punishment]</n> if we neglect such a great salvation? <n>[For it was]</n> first announced <n>[to people]</n> by the Lord and then confirmed to us <n>[i.e., the writer and other Christians]</n> by those who heard Him <n>[i.e., the original apostles]</n>.


text:
God also testified, along with those people, by <n>[giving them]</n> both signs and wonders and various miracles, and by <n>[supernatural]</n> gifts distributed <n>[to them]</n> by the Holy Spirit, as He desired.


text:
For God did not place the coming inhabited world <n>[Note: “The coming inhabited world” here probably refers to the present Christian age. It was viewed as “coming” from the perspective of Old Testament times]</n>, under the control of angels <n>[and]</n> that is the world we are talking about.


text:
But someone has testified somewhere <n>[Psa. 8:4-6]</n>, “What is man, that you <n>[i.e., God]</n> should remember him? Or the son of man <n>[i.e., mankind]</n>, that you should care about him?


text:
You made him a little bit lower than the angels <n>[i.e., a little less exalted]</n>. <n>[Note: Although these Psalms passages referred to mankind, they are here applied to Jesus. See verse 9]</n>. You crowned him with splendor and honor some ancient manuscripts add the following phrase “and placed him as ruler over what you made”.


text:
You placed everything under his feet.” <n>[Note: This is true of both mankind (Gen. 1:26-28) and of Jesus (Eph. 1:22-23) ]</n>. For in subjecting everything to him, God did not leave anything that is not subject to him. But at the present time we do not see what all has been subjected to him.


text:
But we do see Jesus, who was made a little bit lower than the angels <n>[i.e., by suffering death as a human being]</n>, and was crowned with splendor and honor because He suffered death. It was by God’s unearned favor that He would experience death for every person.


text:
For it was fitting that God, for whom and through whom everything exists, in order to lead many <n>[of His]</n> children to glory <n>[i.e., heaven]</n>, would make the author <n>[or, pioneer]</n> of their salvation <n>[i.e., Jesus]</n> completely <n>[qualified]</n> through <n>[His]</n> sufferings.


text:
For, both the One who makes people holy <n>[i.e., Jesus]</n>, and those who are made holy <n>[i.e., Christians]</n>, all come from one <n>[Father]</n>, and for this reason Christ is not ashamed to call them His brothers,


text:
for He says <n>[Psa. 22:22]</n>, <n>[Note: In the following three Old Testament quotations the writer represents Christ as the speaker]</n> “I will declare your <n>[i.e., God’s]</n> name to my brothers, <n>[and]</n> in the presence of the assembly I will sing <n>[a hymn of]</n> praise to you.”


text:
And again, <n>[Isa. 8:17 LXX]</n>, “I will place my trust in God.” And again, <n>[Isa. 8:18]</n>, “Look, <n>[here]</n> I am with the children whom God gave me.”


text:
Therefore, since the children share in <n>[bodies of]</n> flesh and blood, Christ also, in the same way, took on a human body so that, through His death, He could destroy <n>[the dominion of]</n> him who had the power to cause death, that is, the devil.


text:
And <n>[also He could]</n> release all of those people who, because of their fear of death, were <n>[kept]</n> in bondage all their lives.


text:
For certainly Christ does not <n>[intend to]</n> help angels, but He <n>[intends to]</n> help the descendants of Abraham <n>[i.e., the Jews]</n>.


text:
So, for this reason, He had to become like His brothers in every way <n>[i.e., except that He never sinned]</n>, so that He could become a merciful and faithful Head Priest in things related to God’s <n>[service]</n>, <n>[and]</n> that He could provide a means of purifying <n>[Lev. 16:30]</n> for people’s sins <n>[i.e., a “covering over” or forgiveness of them]</n>.


text:
For since He Himself suffered when He was tempted, He is <n>[also]</n> able to help those who <n>[suffer when they]</n> are tempted.


text:
Therefore, holy brothers <n>[and sisters]</n>, who have been called <n>[by God]</n> to share in heaven, think about Jesus, the Apostle and Head Priest, whom we have confessed <n>[as Savior]</n>.


text:
He was faithful to God who appointed Him, just as Moses was <n>[also]</n> faithful in <n>[serving]</n> God’s household <n>[i.e., the Israelites]</n>.


text:
For Jesus has been considered deserving of greater honor than Moses, just as the builder of a house deserves greater honor than the house itself.


text:
Now Moses was a faithful servant among all of <n>[those belonging to]</n> God’s household <n>[i.e., the Israelites]</n>, as <n>[one who gave]</n> testimony about the things which <n>[were to be]</n> spoken <n>[by him]</n>,


text:
but Christ <n>[was faithful]</n> as a Son over God’s household. And we <n>[Christians]</n> are that household, if we hold on to our confidence <n>[in Christ]</n>, and to the boasting <n>[i.e., joy]</n> of our hope <n>[in God]</n>, firmly to the end <n>[of our lives]</n>.


text:
So, even as the Holy Spirit said <n>[Psa. 95:7-11]</n>, “Today, if you hear His <n>[i.e., God’s]</n> voice,


text:
do not have a stubborn heart like you did when you provoked <n>[God]</n> during the time you tested <n>[His patience]</n> in the desert,


text:
where your forefathers tried me and tested <n>[my patience]</n> when they saw what I did for forty years.


text:
Therefore, I was angry with that generation of people and said, ‘They always go astray in their hearts, and they did not understand my ways.’


text:
Pay attention, brothers, so that there will not be in any one of you an evil heart of unbelief, <n>[resulting]</n> in falling away from the living God.


text:
But <n>[instead]</n>, encourage one another each day, as long as it is <n>[still]</n> called “Today,” so that none of you becomes stubborn <n>[as a result]</n> of the deceitfulness of sin.


text:
For we have become sharers with Christ, if we hold firmly onto the confidence <n>[we had in Him]</n> from the beginning until the end <n>[of our lives]</n>.


text:
As it has been said <n>[Psa. 95:7]</n>, “Today, if you hear His <n>[i.e., God’s]</n> voice, do not have a stubborn heart like you did when you provoked <n>[God]</n>.”


text:
For who were they who heard <n>[God]</n> and provoked <n>[Him]</n>? Was it not everyone who was led out of Egypt by Moses?


text:
And who was God angry with for forty years? Was it not with those people who sinned, whose bodies fell <n>[dead]</n> in the desert?


text:
And to whom did God vow that they would not enter a state of rest with Him? <n>[Was it not]</n> those who were disobedient to Him?


text:
And <n>[so]</n> we see that they were not able to enter <n>[a state of rest with God]</n> because of <n>[their]</n> unbelief.


text:
So, as long as God’s promise of entering into a state of rest with Him <n>[still]</n> remains, we should fear that someone among you will appear <n>[in the end]</n> to have fallen short of <n>[attaining]</n> it. <n>[Note: In this section “entering into rest” refers to Israel entering Canaan (verses 6, 8) and to Christians entering heaven (verses 3, 9) . The “Sabbath day rest” is presented as a type of both]</n>.


text:
For we <n>[Christians]</n> have had the good news <n>[about resting with God]</n> preached to us, just as the Israelites <n>[had good news proclaimed to them. See 1:16-19]</n>. But the message they heard did not benefit them, because it was not coupled with faith by those who heard it.


text:
Now we who have believed <n>[will someday]</n> enter that rest, even as God has said <n>[Psa. 95:11]</n>, “So, I vowed in my anger, ‘They will not enter a state of rest with me,’” although God’s works were completed since the creation of the world.


text:
For God said this somewhere about the seventh day <n>[Gen. 2:2]</n>, “And on the seventh day God rested from all His work.”


text:
So, since it still remains for some people to enter into that rest, but those to whom the good news was previously proclaimed <n>[See verse 2]</n> failed to enter it because of disobedience <n>[See 3:18]</n>


text:
God again identified a certain day, <n>[calling it]</n> “Today,” in David’s <n>[writings]</n>, a long time later (just as it was referred to above) <n>[Psa. 95:7-8]</n>, “Today, if you hear His <n>[i.e., God’s]</n> voice, do not have a stubborn heart.”


text:
For if Joshua had given the Israelites rest, God would not have spoken about another day later on <n>[i.e., “Today” in Psa. 95:7]</n>.


text:
<n>[So]</n> then, a Sabbath “rest day” <n>[still]</n> remains for God’s people <n>[i.e., for Christians, in heaven]</n>.


text:
For the person who has entered into a state of rest with God has rested from his own work also, just as God rested from His.


text:
So, we should do our best to enter into that state of rest, so that no one fails <n>[to do so]</n> by following the same example of disobedience <n>[i.e., as seen in the Israelites. See verses 2, 6]</n>.


text:
For God’s word is alive and active and sharper than any double-edged sword. It penetrates <n>[deep enough]</n> even to divide <n>[a person’s]</n> soul <n>[from his]</n> spirit, and his joints <n>[from his]</n> bone marrow <n>[Note: This is figurative language describing the penetrating effect of God’s word into a person’s spiritual, inner being]</n> and is able to judge the thoughts and intentions of a person’s heart.


text:
And no created being is hidden from God’s sight, but everything is laid bare and is openly visible to the eyes of God, to whom we must give account.


text:
Since then we <n>[Christians]</n> have <n>[such]</n> a great Head Priest, who has passed through the skies <n>[i.e., ascended to heaven. See Acts 1:9]</n>, Jesus, the Son of God, we should remain true to our profession <n>[of faith in Him]</n>.


text:
For we do not have a head priest who is incapable of sympathizing with our weaknesses, but One <n>[i.e., Jesus]</n> who has been tempted in every way that we have, and yet without sinning.


text:
So, with confidence we should approach God’s throne of unearned favor, so we can receive mercy and obtain that favor to help us when we need it.


text:
For every head priest is chosen from among men, and is appointed on behalf of people, to offer both gifts and sacrifices for sins.


text:
He is able to gently put up with ignorant and wayward people because he himself is subject to <n>[the same spiritual]</n> weaknesses.


text:
And because of this he is obligated to offer <n>[sacrifices]</n> for his own sins also, as well as the people’s sins.


text:
And no one takes on himself the honor <n>[of head priest]</n>, but <n>[he is appointed only]</n> when he is called by God, as was the case with Aaron.


text:
So, Christ also did not take on Himself the honor of becoming head priest, but God said to Him <n>[Psa. 2:7]</n>, “You are my Son; today I have conceived you.”


text:
And He says in another place <n>[Psa. 110:4]</n>, “You are a priest forever according to the order of Melchizedek.” <n>[Note: This is the first mention of this mysterious Old Testament priest who, throughout this book, is represented as a type of Christ]</n>.


text:
During His life on earth Jesus offered up prayers and special requests with loud crying and tears to God, who was able to save Him from dying, and He was heard because of His <n>[earnest]</n> devotion <n>[to God]</n>.


text:
and after becoming perfectly <n>[qualified]</n>, He became the source of never ending salvation to all those who obey Him.


text:
<n>[Now]</n> we have many things to say about Melchizedek, but because of your slowness to grasp things, they are hard to explain.


text:
For certainly enough time has elapsed so that <n>[by now]</n> you ought to be teachers, <n>[but instead]</n> you are in need of having someone teach you again the basic principles of God’s message. You have become people who need “milk” and not “solid food.” <n>[Note: The fundamental truths of Christianity are here figuratively spoken of as “milk,” while the more advanced teaching, such as Christ’s priesthood being like Melchizedek’s, is called “solid food”]</n>.


text:
For everyone who has to drink “milk” is inexperienced in the teaching about righteousness, for he is <n>[still]</n> a <n>[spiritual]</n> baby.


text:
But “solid food” is for mature people, who because of using their <n>[spiritual]</n> senses have become able to distinguish right living from evil.


text:
So, we should leave the basic principles of Christ’s teaching and go on to maturity. <n>[We should]</n> not lay again a foundation of repentance <n>[i.e., turning away]</n> from deeds of death <n>[i.e., acts that lead to spiritual death or that spring from a spiritually dead person]</n>, and of faith in God;


text:
and of teaching about immersions <n>[Note: The use of the plural word here suggests teaching on the distinctions between Jewish washings and John’s and Christian immersion, whether in water or the Holy Spirit. See Acts 19:1-7]</n>, and about placing hands on people <n>[Note: This act was practiced in the appointment of church leaders, in healing sick people and to impart supernatural gifts]</n>, and about people being raised from the dead and about never ending judgment.


text:
For it is impossible to get people who were once enlightened <n>[by the Gospel message]</n>, and who had experienced the gift from heaven <n>[i.e., forgiveness, never ending life, etc. See Rom. 6:23]</n>, and who had partaken of the <n>[indwelling]</n> Holy Spirit <n>[See Acts 2:38]</n>,


text:
and who had experienced the good teaching of God and the powers of the coming age <n>[i.e., they had already received some of the blessings of the Christian life, perhaps even miraculous signs]</n>,


text:
and then have <n>[completely]</n> fallen away <n>[from God]</n>, to repent again. <n>[It is]</n> because they <n>[continue to]</n> crucify for themselves God’s Son all over again, and hold Him up to contempt.


text:
For God blesses land that has soaked up the rain which has fallen on it, and it produces a profitable crop for those people for whom the land was farmed.


text:
But if the land produces <n>[only]</n> thorns and thistles, it is worthless and in danger of being cursed <n>[by God]</n>, and will end up being burned.


text:
But, my dearly loved ones, even though we talk this way, we are persuaded that you will do better than that <n>[i.e., you will not fall away from God]</n>, and will end up being saved.


text:
For God is not <n>[so]</n> unjust as to forget the work you are doing and the love you have shown for Him, as you ministered to the saints <n>[i.e., His holy people]</n> and continue to minister <n>[to them]</n>.


text:
And it is our desire that each one of you shows the same eagerness <n>[to live for Christ]</n>, so as to be fully assured of your hope <n>[in never ending life]</n> until the end <n>[of your days]</n>.


text:
We do not want you people to be <n>[spiritually]</n> slack, but to imitate those who will inherit <n>[God’s]</n> promises because of their faith and patience.


text:
For when God made a promise to Abraham, since He could not make a vow by anyone greater, He vowed by Himself,


text:
saying <n>[Gen. 22:16-17]</n>, “I will certainly bless you and will multiply you <n>[i.e., give you many descendants]</n>.”


text:
For people make vows by someone greater <n>[than themselves]</n>, and an argument is settled when someone takes an oath <n>[that he is telling the truth]</n>.


text:
Since God wanted to show conclusively to those who would inherit the promise <n>[i.e., Abraham and all of his spiritual descendants]</n>, how unchangeable His purpose was, He confirmed it with an oath.


text:
He did this so that by two unchangeable things <n>[i.e., His promise and His oath]</n>, (and it is impossible for God to lie), we, who have fled <n>[to God]</n> for refuge, could be greatly encouraged to take hold of the hope set before us <n>[i.e., the hope of never ending life]</n>.


text:
We have this hope as an anchor for the soul, <n>[a hope]</n> that is safe and secure, and one that enters the curtain <n>[i.e., figuratively, of the heavenly sanctuary]</n>,


text:
where Jesus, our forerunner, <n>[already]</n> entered on our behalf, having become a Head Priest forever according to the order of Melchizedek.


text:
For this Melchizedek was king of Salem <n>[Note: This probably refers to Jerusalem]</n>, and a priest of the Most High God. He met Abraham returning <n>[from battle]</n> when he defeated the kings <n>[See Gen. 14:1ff]</n> and blessed him.


text:
Abraham measured out one tenth of everything he had <n>[taken in battle]</n> and gave it to Melchizedek. (Now “Melchizedek” means, first of all, “King of Righteousness,” and then <n>[since he was]</n> King of Salem, it also means “King of Peace”).


text:
He was without a father, or mother or a list of ancestors <n>[i.e., there was no record of his family tree]</n> and no <n>[record of his]</n> birth or death. Like the Son of God, he <n>[appeared to]</n> remain a priest perpetually.


text:
Now consider how great this man was, to whom the patriarch Abraham gave a tenth of what he had taken <n>[in battle]</n>.


text:
For indeed, the descendants of Levi, who are appointed to the priesthood, are commanded by the Law of Moses to collect a tenth <n>[of the income]</n> of the Israelites, who are their brothers, even though these brothers are <n>[also]</n> descendants of Abraham.


text:
But Melchizedek, whose ancestry is not traced from the Levites, has collected a tenth <n>[of the spoils]</n> from Abraham, and blessed him who had received promises <n>[from God]</n>.


text:
Without question <n>[then]</n>, the lesser <n>[of these two persons]</n> is blessed by the greater one.


text:
And in the one case, men here <n>[on earth, that is, the Levites]</n> who die, collect a tenth <n>[from the rest of the Israelites]</n>, but there <n>[i.e., in the case of Melchizedek]</n> it is collected by someone about whom it is declared <n>[by Scripture]</n> that he continues to live.


text:
And, so to speak, Levi, who collected a tenth <n>[from the Israelites]</n>, paid a tenth through Abraham,


text:
for when Melchizedek met him, he was still in Abraham’s body <n>[i.e., Levi had not yet been born as a descendant of Abraham]</n>.


text:
So, if perfection <n>[i.e., a right relationship with God]</n> could have been attained through the Levitical priesthood, (for under it people had received the Law of Moses), what further need would there have been for another priest to arise, according to the order of Melchizedek, who was not considered “according to the order of Aaron?”


text:
For the Lord <n>[See next verse]</n>, about whom these things are being said, belonged to another tribe, from which no one has <n>[ever]</n> been appointed to serve at the Altar.


text:
For it is quite evident that our Lord has descended from Judah, a tribe about which Moses said nothing concerning priests.


text:
who was not appointed on the basis of human regulations governing one’s physical ancestry, but on the strength of One whose life never ends.


text:
For it is declared <n>[about Jesus in the Scriptures, Psa. 110:4]</n>, “You are a priest forever according to the order of Melchizedek.”


text:
For on one hand, the previous command <n>[i.e., the Law of Moses]</n> was set aside because it was weak and useless,


text:
(since the law did not make anything <n>[i.e., anyone]</n> perfect), but on the other hand, there is the introduction of a better hope <n>[which did bring perfection through Christ]</n>, by which we draw near to God.


text:
(for <n>[Levitical]</n> priests were appointed without <n>[God]</n> taking <n>[such]</n> an oath, but Christ was appointed with an oath by God when He said to Him <n>[Psa. 110:4]</n>, “The Lord made a vow and will not change His mind <n>[when He said]</n>, ‘You are a priest forever’).”


text:
So therefore, Jesus has become the guarantee of a better Agreement <n>[between God and mankind]</n>.


text:
And on one hand, many people were appointed to be <n>[Levitical]</n> priests because they were prevented by death from continuing <n>[to serve]</n>. <n>[Note: The idea is that Levitical priests had to be constantly replaced]</n>.


text:
So, He is also able to save completely those people who approach God through Him, since He lives forever to intercede <n>[i.e., to plead to God]</n> on their behalf.


text:
For Jesus was a very suitable head priest for us <n>[i.e., He meets our needs very well]</n>, because He was holy, innocent, without <n>[moral]</n> corruption, separated from sinners and <n>[exalted]</n> above the heavens.


text:
He does not need to offer up <n>[animal]</n> sacrifices every day like those head priests did <n>[Note: The head priest here is represented as being in charge of the daily sacrifices actually offered by the regular priests]</n>, first for His own sins and then for the people’s sins. For He did this once for all time when He offered up Himself <n>[on the cross]</n>.


text:
For the Law of Moses appoints <n>[morally]</n> weak men to be head priests, but the message of <n>[God’s]</n> oath, which came after that law <n>[Note: The quotation from Psa. 110:4 (See verse 21) was written after the Law of Moses was given]</n> appointed the Son, who was made perfect <n>[in every way]</n> forever.


text:
Now this is the main point <n>[or, the summary]</n> of what we are saying: We have such a head priest <n>[i.e., as described in chapter 7]</n> who sat down at the right side of the throne of the Majesty <n>[i.e., God]</n> in heaven.


text:
He is a minister in the sanctuary, <n>[serving about holy things]</n> in the true tabernacle, which was set up by the Lord and not by man <n>[Note: This sanctuary/tabernacle represents either heaven or the church]</n>.


text:
For every head priest <n>[on earth]</n> is appointed to offer both gifts and sacrifices, so it is necessary that this Head Priest <n>[i.e., Jesus]</n> also have something to offer.


text:
Now if He were <n>[still]</n> on earth, He would not be a priest <n>[at all]</n>, since there are <n>[already]</n> those <n>[on earth]</n> who offer gifts according to the Law of Moses.


text:
These priests serve <n>[in a sanctuary]</n> that is <n>[only]</n> a copy and a foreshadow of the heavenly one. Now Moses was warned <n>[by God]</n> when he was about to build the Tabernacle, for God said <n>[Ex. 25:40]</n>, “See that you make everything according to the pattern that was shown to you on the mountain <n>[i.e., Mount Sinai]</n>.”


text:
But now Jesus has obtained a ministry that is as far superior <n>[to that of the Levitical priesthood]</n> as the <n>[New]</n> Agreement, of which He is the Mediator, is better <n>[than the old one]</n>, because it has been enacted on better promises.


text:
For if that first Agreement had been faultless, then there would have been no need for a second one.


text:
For God found fault with the Israelites <n>[or, possibly with the first Agreement]</n>, saying <n>[Jer. 31:31ff]</n>, “Look, the Lord says, the time will come when I will make a New Agreement with the people of Israel and with the people of Judah.


text:
<n>[It will]</n> not be like the Agreement that I made with their forefathers on the day I took them by the hand to lead them out of the country of Egypt. For they did not <n>[continue to]</n> keep my Agreement, so I did not regard them <n>[as acceptable]</n>, says the Lord.


text:
For this is the Agreement that I will make with the people of Israel in the coming days, says the Lord: I will put my laws into their minds, and I will also write them on their hearts. And I will be their God and they will be my people.


text:
And everyone will not <n>[have to]</n> teach his neighbor or his brother <n>[anymore]</n>, telling them to ‘Know the Lord,’ because all of them will know me <n>[as their Lord]</n>, from the least <n>[important]</n> ones to the most important ones.


text:
For I will be merciful to their wickedness <n>[i.e., by forgiving them]</n> and I will not remember their sins anymore.”


text:
<n>[So]</n>, by saying “a New Agreement,” God has made the first one obsolete. And that which is becoming obsolete and getting aged is ready to <n>[completely]</n> disappear.


text:
Now even the first Agreement had regulations for <n>[governing]</n> service <n>[to God]</n> and an earthly sanctuary.


text:
For the Tabernacle was constructed with its outer compartment containing the lamp stand and the table and the Bread of Presence. This was called the “Holy Place.”


text:
And behind the second curtain <n>[of]</n> the Tabernacle was <n>[a room]</n> called the “Holy of Holies.”


text:
It had a golden altar for <n>[burning]</n> incense <n>[in it]</n>, and <n>[originally]</n> the gold-plated Chest of the Agreement, containing a golden jar of manna, Aaron’s staff that sprouted buds and the tablets of the Agreement.


text:
Above it were the cherubim <n>[Note: These were winged, angelic-like, golden figurines]</n> spread out over the <n>[Chest]</n> covering, where sins were <n>[symbolically]</n> forgiven. But we cannot now speak of these things in detail.


text:
Now after preparing these things <n>[i.e., the table, incense, etc.]</n>, the priests regularly enter the outer room of the Tabernacle <n>[i.e., the Holy Place]</n> to carry out the duties of their service.


text:
But <n>[only]</n> once a year the head priest goes alone into the inner room <n>[i.e., Holy of Holies]</n>, and never without <n>[animal]</n> blood, which he offers <n>[as a sacrifice]</n> for himself and for the sins done in ignorance by the people.


text:
<n>[By his doing this]</n> the Holy Spirit signifies that the way into the Holy Place <n>[Note: This actually refers to the Holy of Holies, and represents heaven]</n> had not yet been disclosed <n>[i.e., made accessible]</n> while the first Tabernacle was still standing.


text:
<n>[That Tabernacle]</n> is symbolic of the present time, <n>[indicating]</n> that both gifts and <n>[animal]</n> sacrifices, which are offered <n>[by the priests]</n>, are not able to give the worshiper a clear conscience


text:
since, with foods and drinks and various <n>[ceremonial]</n> washings, they are only outward regulations imposed until the time when everything would be made right <n>[i.e., under the New Agreement]</n>.


text:
But when Christ became the Head Priest of the good things that have come, He entered the greater and more complete Tabernacle, not made by hand, that is, not part of this creation <n>[i.e., heaven, See 8:2]</n>.


text:
And He did not enter <n>[the heavenly Holy of Holies]</n> by means of the blood of goats and calves but, by means of His own blood He entered the Holy of Holies <n>[i.e., heaven]</n> once for all time, <n>[after]</n> having obtained never ending redemption <n>[i.e., salvation for us on the cross]</n>.


text:
For if the blood of goats and bulls, and a <n>[burnt]</n> heifer’s ashes sprinkled on people who had been <n>[ceremonially]</n> defiled, could purify them so as to make them <n>[ceremonially]</n> clean on the outside,


text:
how much more will the blood of Christ, who through the eternal Holy Spirit <n>[or, His eternal Spirit]</n> offered Himself without <n>[moral]</n> blemish to God, cleanse our consciences from deeds which lead to <n>[spiritual]</n> death to serve the living God?


text:
Therefore, Christ is the Mediator of a New Agreement, so that <n>[all]</n> those people who have been called <n>[by God]</n> can receive the promise of the never ending inheritance. <n>[This is possible because]</n> a death has taken place for the redemption of <n>[people’s]</n> sins who lived under the first Agreement.


text:
For where a will exists, it is necessary to prove the death of the person who made it <n>[i.e., in order to benefit by its provisions]</n>.


text:
For a will is in force <n>[only]</n> when there has been a death; for it is not in effect as long as the one who made it is <n>[still]</n> alive.


text:
Therefore, even the first Agreement was not ratified without blood <n>[i.e., without a death taking place]</n>.


text:
For after Moses had declared every commandment of the law to all the people, he took the blood of calves and goats and <n>[mixed it]</n> with water, then sprinkled both the scroll <n>[of the Agreement]</n> and all the people with a hyssop branch covered by red wool <n>[dipped in the mixture]</n>.


text:
He said <n>[Ex. 29:8]</n>, “This is the blood of the Agreement, which God commanded you <n>[to observe]</n>.”


text:
In the same way he also sprinkled blood on the Tabernacle and all of the utensils used in its ministry.


text:
And, according to the Law of Moses, almost everything is <n>[ceremonially]</n> cleansed by blood, for there is no forgiveness <n>[of sins]</n> apart from the shedding of blood.


text:
Therefore, it was necessary for the copies of the heavenly things <n>[i.e., the Tabernacle, its furniture and utensils, etc.]</n> to be <n>[ceremonially]</n> cleansed by these things <n>[i.e., the blood of animal sacrifices]</n>, but the heavenly things themselves <n>[i.e., the church, both on earth and in heaven]</n> require better sacrifices than these <n>[i.e., the sacrifice of Christ]</n>.


text:
For Christ did not enter the Holy of Holies made by hand, which is <n>[only]</n> a counterpart of the true one, but into heaven itself, where He now appears in God’s presence for us. <n>[See verse 12]</n>.


text:
Nor was it necessary for Him to offer Himself <n>[to God]</n> often, like the head priest does, who enters the Holy of Holies year after year with blood that belongs to others <n>[i.e., the blood of animal sacrifices]</n>.


text:
For then He would have had to suffer often since the creation of the world; but now at the end of the ages <n>[i.e., the final period of world history]</n> He has been revealed once <n>[for all]</n> to remove sin by sacrificing Himself.


text:
so Christ also, who was once <n>[for all]</n> offered <n>[as a sacrifice]</n> to take away the sins of many people, will come back a second time, not to take away sin, <n>[but]</n> to provide salvation to those who are waiting for Him.


text:
For the Law of Moses was <n>[only]</n> a foreshadow of the good things that <n>[were]</n> to come <n>[i.e., in the Messianic age]</n>, not the exact image of those things. It can never, by the same sacrifices, continually offered year after year, make <n>[morally]</n> perfect those who draw near <n>[to God in worship]</n>.


text:
If it could, would not those sacrifices have stopped being offered <n>[by now]</n>, since the worshipers would have been <n>[ceremonially]</n> cleansed and would not have had a sense of guilt anymore?


text:
Therefore, when Christ came into the world, He said <n>[to God]</n>, <n>[Psa. 40:6-8 LXX]</n>, “You did not want an <n>[animal]</n> sacrifice and an offering, but you prepared a body for me <n>[to sacrifice]</n>.


text:
Then I said, ‘Look, I have come to do what you want, O God, <n>[just as]</n> it is written in the scroll of the book <n>[about me]</n>.’”


text:
<n>[After]</n> saying the above, “You did not want, nor were you pleased, with <n>[peace]</n> sacrifices and <n>[meal]</n> offerings and whole burnt offerings and sin offerings,” <n>[although]</n> these are offered according to the Law of Moses,


text:
He then said, “Look, I have come to do what you want.” <n>[So]</n>, Christ takes away the first <n>[i.e., the animal and grain sacrifices]</n> in order to establish the second <n>[i.e., the sacrifice of Himself]</n>.


text:
By <n>[Christ doing]</n> what God wanted we have been set aside for God through Jesus Christ offering His body once for all time.


text:
For every priest stands and performs his service day after day, offering over and over the same sacrifices which can never take away sins.


text:
But when this Priest <n>[i.e., Christ]</n> had offered one sacrifice for sins for all time, He sat down at the right side of God.


text:
From that time onward He will wait until His enemies are placed <n>[in full subjection]</n> under His feet.


text:
For by one offering <n>[i.e., the sacrifice of Himself]</n>, Christ has made perfect forever those people who are being set apart for God.


text:
<n>[Jer. 31:33f]</n>, “The Lord says, this is the Agreement I will make with them <n>[i.e., with my people]</n> after those days. I will put my laws in their hearts and I will write them on their minds.” Then He said,


text:
Now where forgiveness of sins has taken place, there is no longer <n>[a need for an]</n> offering for sin.


text:
Therefore, brothers, since we have confidence to enter the Holy of Holies <n>[i.e., heaven]</n> by means of the blood of Jesus,


text:
we should draw close <n>[to God]</n> with a sincere heart and a fully assured faith, having had our hearts sprinkled from a guilty conscience <n>[See 9:13-14]</n> and having had our bodies washed with clean water <n>[i.e., in our immersion]</n>.


text:
<n>[So]</n>, we should hold on firmly to the profession of our hope <n>[in God]</n>, without wavering from it, for God is faithful to His promises.


text:
And we should consider how we can stir up one another to love <n>[more]</n> and to perform good deeds.


text:
We should not neglect our assembling together <n>[as a church]</n>, as some people are in the habit of doing, but we should encourage one another <n>[spiritually]</n>, and <n>[do it]</n> all the more <n>[diligently]</n> as you see the day <n>[of judgment]</n> coming closer.


text:
For if we go on sinning intentionally, after we have received the full knowledge of the truth, there is no longer any sacrifice for <n>[our]</n> sins.


text:
Instead, <n>[there will be]</n> a fearful expectation of <n>[coming]</n> judgment and of <n>[God’s]</n> raging fire which will consume His enemies.


text:
The person who has disregarded the Law of Moses is put to death without being shown mercy on the testimony of two or three witnesses.


text:
How much more severely do you think a person deserves to be punished who has trampled on the Son of God and has regarded the blood of the <n>[New]</n> Agreement, with which he was set apart for God, an unholy thing and has insulted the Holy Spirit, through whom God’s unearned favor is shown?


text:
For we know God, who said <n>[Deut. 32:35]</n>, “Revenge belongs to me; I will pay back <n>[for wrongdoing]</n>.” And again <n>[Deut. 32:36]</n>, “The Lord will judge His people.”


text:
But remember the earlier days when, after you were enlightened <n>[to the truth]</n>, you endured a difficult struggle by having to suffer <n>[much]</n>.


text:
Sometimes you were subjected to public ridicule and abuse, and at other times you shared <n>[vicariously]</n> with those people who were treated that way.


text:
For you showed sympathy for those who were in prison and accepted it joyfully when your <n>[own]</n> possessions were taken away, <n>[because]</n> you knew that you yourselves had a better and more permanent possession <n>[in heaven]</n>.


text:
For you need to be steadfast so that, after you have done what God wants, you will receive the promise <n>[of an inheritance. See 9:15]</n>.


text:
<n>[Hab. 2:3-4 LXX says]</n>, “For <n>[it will be]</n> only a short time <n>[before]</n> He <n>[i.e., Christ]</n>, who is coming, will be here without delay.


text:
And my <n>[i.e., God’s]</n> righteous person will <n>[obtain]</n> life by <n>[his]</n> faith <n>[in God]</n>. But if he turns back <n>[from me]</n>, my soul is not pleased with him.”


text:
But we are not like those people who turn back and are destroyed, but like those who have faith <n>[in God]</n> and obtain the salvation of their souls.


text:
Now, <n>[having]</n> faith is being sure of <n>[receiving]</n> what is hoped for, and certain <n>[of the existence]</n> of what is not visible.


text:
For the men of old <n>[i.e., the forefathers. See 1:1]</n>, received <n>[God’s]</n> approval <n>[for their faith]</n>.


text:
By <n>[having]</n> faith, we understand that the universe was formed by God’s word <n>[See Gen. 1:1-27]</n>, so that what is seen has not been made out of what is visible.


text:
By <n>[having]</n> faith, Abel offered to God a better sacrifice than Cain did. <n>[And]</n> because of his faith he was commended by God for being righteous, when God expressed approval of his offerings. By means of his faith, Abel still speaks <n>[to us]</n>, even though he is dead.


text:
By <n>[having]</n> faith, Enoch was taken <n>[to be with God]</n>, so that he did not have to die. And he could not be found because God had taken him away. For he had been commended <n>[by God]</n> before he was taken away, that he had pleased God. <n>[Note: The Hebrew of Gen. 5:24 says, “he walked with God”]</n>.


text:
And unless one has faith, it is impossible for him to be pleasing to God, for the person who comes to God must believe that He exists and that He rewards those who seek Him.


text:
By <n>[having]</n> faith, when Noah was warned <n>[by God]</n> about conditions that had not yet been seen <n>[i.e., regarding events of the coming Flood]</n>, he acted out of reverent concern <n>[for God]</n> by constructing a ship to save <n>[i.e., rescue]</n> his household <n>[from the Flood waters]</n>. By this <n>[i.e., his faith which led to action]</n>, Noah condemned the world and inherited righteousness because of his faith.


text:
By <n>[having]</n> faith, when Abraham was called <n>[by God]</n> to leave <n>[his homeland]</n> and go to a place he would later receive as an inheritance <n>[i.e., Palestine]</n>, he obeyed God and went out, not knowing where he was going.


text:
By <n>[having]</n> faith, he became an alien in the foreign country that had been promised to him. He lived in tents, along with Isaac <n>[his son]</n> and Jacob <n>[his grandson]</n>, who <n>[also]</n> were to receive the same inheritance he had been promised.


text:
For he was looking forward to <n>[living in]</n> a city with <n>[lasting]</n> foundations, designed and built by God. <n>[Note: This undoubtedly refers to heaven]</n>.


text:
By <n>[having]</n> faith, Sarah herself received the ability to have children, even though she was <n>[sterile, being]</n> past the age of child-bearing, since she considered God faithful to His promise. <n>[Note: Some translations consider “Abraham” to be the subject of this controversial verse. See Lightfoot, pp. 222-225]</n>.


text:
Therefore, from one man <n>[Abraham]</n>, who was as good as dead <n>[i.e., because of having a sterile wife]</n>, were born descendants as numerous as the stars in the sky and as countless as the <n>[grains of]</n> sand on the seashore.


text:
These people <n>[all]</n> continued to have faith until they died, <n>[even though]</n> they had not obtained <n>[all]</n> the things God had promised, but had <n>[only]</n> seen them and welcomed them from a distance. And they had confessed to being strangers and aliens on earth.


text:
For those who say such things make it obvious that they are looking for a country of their own <n>[i.e. heaven]</n>.


text:
And indeed, if they had remembered <n>[with longing]</n> the country they had left, they would have had the opportunity to return to it.


text:
But instead, they longed for a better country, that is, a heavenly one. Therefore, God is not ashamed to be called their God, for He has prepared a city for them.


text:
By <n>[having]</n> faith, when Abraham was tested <n>[by God]</n>, he offered Isaac <n>[as a sacrifice]</n>. <n>[Even though]</n> he had received the promises <n>[of having many descendants]</n>, he was ready to offer his only conceived <n>[and eventually born]</n> son,


text:
<n>[even though]</n> he had been told <n>[by God, Gen. 21:12]</n>, “Your descendants will be traced through Isaac.”


text:
<n>[So]</n>, he reasoned that God was able to raise up <n>[Isaac]</n> from the dead, which, in a sense, he did receive him back <n>[from the dead]</n>.


text:
By <n>[having]</n> faith, Isaac pronounced a future blessing on Jacob and Esau. <n>[See Gen. 27:26-40]</n>.


text:
By <n>[having]</n> faith, Jacob blessed each of Joseph’s sons just before he died, and bowed in worship <n>[to God]</n> while leaning on the top of his staff.


text:
By <n>[having]</n> faith, when Joseph was about to die, he mentioned the Israelites’ departure <n>[from Egypt]</n> and gave <n>[them]</n> instructions concerning his bones <n>[i.e., that they were to take them back to Palestine. See Gen. 50:25]</n>.


text:
By <n>[having]</n> faith, Moses’ parents hid him for three months after he was born because they saw that he was a handsome child, and they were not afraid of the king’s decree <n>[to destroy all male Hebrew children]</n>.


text:
By <n>[having]</n> faith, when Moses was grown up, he refused to be known as the son of Pharaoh’s daughter,


text:
but chose rather to suffer mistreatment with God’s people <n>[i.e., the Israelites]</n> than to enjoy the pleasures of sin for a brief time.


text:
He considered suffering ridicule for Christ’s sake to be greater wealth than the treasures of Egypt, because he was looking forward to his reward.


text:
By <n>[having]</n> faith, he left Egypt, not being afraid of the king’s anger, for he endured <n>[all the rigors of wandering in the desert]</n> because he could see the invisible God.


text:
By <n>[having]</n> faith, he established the Passover Festival <n>[Note: This festival was first celebrated in Egypt by the fleeing Israelites, then observed annually in commemoration of that event]</n>, and had <n>[lambs’]</n> blood sprinkled <n>[on the door jambs]</n> to prevent the one who destroyed the firstborn children from touching them. <n>[See Ex. 12:23]</n>.


text:
By <n>[having]</n> faith, the Israelites passed <n>[safely]</n> through the Red Sea as if it were dry ground, but when the Egyptians attempted to do it, they were drowned.


text:
By <n>[the people having]</n> faith, the walls of Jericho fell in response to their marching around them for seven days.


text:
By <n>[having]</n> faith, Rahab the prostitute was not destroyed along with the disobedient <n>[inhabitants of Jericho]</n> because she welcomed the <n>[twelve]</n> spies in peace.


text:
And what more shall I say? For time would fail me if I were to tell about Gideon, Barak, Samson, Jephthah, David, Samuel and <n>[all]</n> the prophets,


text:
who, by <n>[having]</n> faith, conquered kingdoms, practiced what was right, and obtained what was promised <n>[by God]</n>. They shut the mouths of lions,


text:
they put out raging fires, and they escaped being killed by swords. They were strengthened when weak, became mighty in battle, and defeated foreign armies.


text:
Women received their dead <n>[loved ones]</n> back to life. Others were tortured but refused to be rescued, so they could obtain a better resurrection.


text:
And <n>[still]</n> others experienced mocking and floggings, and were even chained up and put in prison.


text:
They were stoned; they were sawed in two; they were executed by the sword. They traveled around in sheepskin and goatskin clothing; they were destitute, afflicted and mistreated.


text:
(The world did not deserve such people). They wandered in deserts and mountains, <n>[living]</n> in caves and <n>[even]</n> holes in the ground.


text:
And all of these people were commended <n>[by God]</n> for their faith, yet did not receive <n>[all of]</n> what was promised to them,


text:
because God had planned to give us something better <n>[than they got]</n>, so that they would not be complete without us. <n>[Note: The idea here is that these faithful people of Old Testament times did not receive the fullest of blessings until Christ came to make them available to both them and us together]</n>.


text:
Therefore, since we are surrounded by such a large crowd of spectators <n>[Note: Christians are pictured here as being in a crowded arena, performing in the games]</n>, we should lay aside every <n>[excessive]</n> weight and sin that so easily entangles us, and with perseverance, we should run the race <n>[of life]</n> that lies before us.


text:
We should fix our eyes on Jesus, the pioneer and completer of the <n>[or, “our”]</n> faith. <n>[Note: Jesus is here pictured as the one who completely fulfills the life of faith, or who provides us with the ability to live such a life]</n>. <n>[And]</n> because He could look forward to joy, He endured the cross, despising its shame, and has sat down at the right side of God’s throne.


text:
Now think about how Jesus endured such opposition against Himself from sinners, so that you do not grow weary and become discouraged <n>[yourself]</n>.


text:
And have you forgotten the exhortation that was addressed to you as sons? <n>[Prov. 3:11f says]</n>, “My son, do not take the discipline of the Lord lightly, and do not get discouraged when He rebukes you.


text:
<n>[For the suffering]</n> you are enduring <n>[is]</n> for your discipline. God is dealing with you as He does with <n>[His]</n> children, for what child is not disciplined by his father?


text:
But if you do not receive <n>[such]</n> discipline, like all of us do, then you are illegitimate children and not true children.


text:
Furthermore, we had earthly fathers to discipline us and we respected them <n>[for it]</n>; should we not much rather submit to the Father of our spirits <n>[i.e., God]</n>, so we can live <n>[spiritually]</n>?


text:
For our human fathers disciplined us for a short time as it seemed best to them; but God disciplines us for our <n>[spiritual]</n> good, so that we may share in His holiness.


text:
No discipline seems pleasant, but painful, at the time <n>[it is received]</n>, yet later on it produces a crop of peace and righteousness in <n>[the lives of]</n> those who have been trained by it.


text:
make straight paths for your feet,” so that crippled limbs will not remain <n>[permanently]</n> disabled, but rather will be healed. <n>[Note: The idea here is “remove all barriers to spiritual growth so you can live a faithful life”]</n>.


text:
Actively seek to live in peace with all people. And be dedicated to God, because no one will see God without this.


text:
Look carefully <n>[at how you are living]</n> so that no one falls away from God’s unearned favor, and that no “poisonous plant sprouts up” to cause trouble and corrupt many people <n>[Note: This is an analogy from Deut. 29:16-18 being used as a warning against the evil influence of wicked people]</n>,


text:
and that no one becomes immoral or ungodly, like Esau, who sold his right to the firstborn son’s inheritance for a single meal.


text:
For you recall how, even after he <n>[later]</n> wanted to inherit the blessing, Esau was rejected <n>[by his father Isaac. See Gen. 37:35- 40]</n>. For he was not able to get his father to change his mind, even though he tearfully begged him <n>[or, “he was not able to change the situation, even though he shed tears over his loss”]</n>.


text:
<n>[Unlike the Israelites at Mount Sinai]</n> you <n>[Christians]</n> have not come to a mountain that can be touched and that burned with fire <n>[See Ex. 19:12, 16-19; 20:18-21; Deut. 4:11]</n>; to <n>[a place of]</n> darkness, gloom and wind;


text:
to the blast of a trumpet and the sound of words <n>[from God]</n> that the hearers begged not to have to listen to <n>[anymore]</n>. <n>[See Ex. 20:19]</n>.


text:
For those people could not stand <n>[hearing]</n> the command <n>[Ex. 19:12f]</n>, “If even an animal touches the mountain, it must be stoned <n>[to death]</n>.”


text:
And the sight <n>[of all these things]</n> was so terrifying that Moses said <n>[See Deut. 9:19]</n>, “I tremble with fear.”


text:
But you <n>[Christians]</n> have come to Mount Zion, to the heavenly Jerusalem, the city of the living God. <n>[Note: These terms describe people who have entered a spiritual relationship with God as part of the church]</n>. <n>[You have come]</n> to a praise gathering of innumerable angels <n>[Note: Christians are here pictured as assembled in worship of God, along with angels]</n>,


text:
and to the church of the firstborn ones <n>[i.e., those who have received an inheritance from their Father]</n>, whose names are recorded in heaven. <n>[See Luke 10:20]</n>. <n>[You have come]</n> to God, who is the Judge of all people, and to the spirits of righteous people who have become <n>[morally]</n> perfect <n>[i.e., that great company of God’s people who have gone on to their heavenly reward]</n>,


text:
and to Jesus, the Mediator of a New Agreement <n>[between God and mankind]</n>, and to the sprinkled blood <n>[of Jesus]</n>, which says better things <n>[to us]</n> than <n>[the blood of]</n> Abel did. <n>[Note: The contrast seems to be that Abel’s blood called for vengeance and death (See Gen. 4:10) whereas the blood of Christ provides mercy and life]</n>.


text:
Pay careful attention so that you do not refuse <n>[to hear]</n> God when He speaks to you. <n>[See verse 9]</n>. For if those people <n>[i.e., the Israelites]</n> did not escape <n>[judgment]</n> when they refused <n>[to hear]</n> Him who warned them on earth <n>[i.e., God speaking through Moses at Mount Sinai]</n>, how much less <n>[likely]</n> will we escape <n>[judgment]</n> if we reject Him who warns from heaven <n>[i.e., Christ]</n>?


text:
God’s voice shook the earth at that time, but now He has promised, saying <n>[Hag. 2:6]</n>, “I will cause not only the earth to shake once more, but also heaven <n>[as well]</n>.”


text:
Now the words, “once more” indicate the removing of what can be shaken --- that is, the created universe --- so that those things which cannot be shaken will remain. <n>[Note: These “things” have been variously interpreted to be eternal truth, the heavenly kingdom, the new heavens and earth, etc.]</n>.


text:
Therefore, we should be grateful for receiving a kingdom that cannot be shaken <n>[i.e., the church. See Col. 1:13; Rev. 1:6, 9]</n>. So, with reverence and awe, we should serve God in a way that pleases Him,


text:
Do not forget to show hospitality toward strangers, for by doing this, some people have entertained angels without realizing it.


text:
Remember <n>[to pray for and help]</n> those who are in prison, as though you <n>[yourselves]</n> were in prison with them. <n>[Remember]</n> those who are being mistreated, realizing that you <n>[yourselves]</n> also share <n>[with them]</n> a physical body <n>[i.e., you are subject to the same kind of trials]</n>.


text:
Marriage should be considered honorable among all people and its sexual responsibilities should be faithfully kept. For God will judge <n>[and condemn]</n> those people who are sexually immoral and who are sexually unfaithful to their mates.


text:
Keep your lives free from the love of money <n>[and be]</n> content with what you have, because God <n>[Himself]</n> has said <n>[Deut. 31:6]</n>, “By no means will I <n>[ever]</n> desert you or give up on you.”


text:
So, we can say with confidence <n>[Psa. 118:6]</n>, “<n>[Since]</n> the Lord is my helper, I will not be afraid <n>[of]</n> what people might do to me.” <n>[or, “what (harm) can people do to me?”]</n>


text:
Remember your leaders who told you God’s message. <n>[Note: This probably refers to former preachers who had since died]</n>. Consider the outcome of the way they lived and imitate their faith.


text:
Do not continue to be swept off your course by all kinds of strange teachings. For it is good for your hearts to be strengthened by God’s unearned favor <n>[upon you]</n> and not by <n>[keeping regulations about]</n> foods, which do not benefit those who observe them.


text:
<n>[Now]</n> we <n>[Christians]</n> have an altar <n>[i.e., the sacrifice of Christ]</n> from which people who serve in the Tabernacle <n>[i.e., the Jews]</n> have no right to eat.


text:
For the blood of the animals offered as sacrifices for sin is brought by the head priest into the Holy of Holies, <n>[but]</n> their bodies are burned outside of the camp.


text:
Therefore, Jesus also suffered outside of the gate <n>[i.e., of Jerusalem]</n> so that He could make people holy through <n>[the shedding of]</n> His own blood.


text:
So, we should go out to Him, outside of the camp <n>[Note: This probably signifies separating from the whole system of Judaism, as well as full commitment to Christ]</n>, bearing the abuse that He suffered.


text:
For we do not have a lasting city here on earth <n>[i.e., such as Jerusalem]</n> but we are looking for the city to come <n>[i.e., heaven. See 10:11]</n>.


text:
<n>[So]</n>, through Jesus then, we should continually offer up to God a sacrifice of praise, that is, the expression of our lips as we confess His name <n>[to be our Lord]</n>.


text:
But do not forget to do good deeds and share <n>[with others]</n>, for God is very pleased with such “sacrifices.”


text:
<n>[You should]</n> obey your leaders <n>[Note: This probably refers to church elders]</n> and submit to their oversight, for they look out for <n>[the welfare of]</n> your souls as men who will give an accounting <n>[for your spiritual progress]</n>. <n>[Be obedient]</n>, so that they will be able to do this joyfully and not with sorrow, for that would be unprofitable to you.


text:
Pray for us <n>[continually]</n>. We are convinced that we <n>[i.e., the writer of Hebrews]</n> have a clear conscience <n>[i.e., regarding our relationship to you]</n> and we want to behave properly in every way.


text:
And I urge you people earnestly to do this <n>[i.e., pray for me]</n>, so that I can be sent back to you sooner <n>[i.e., by God’s providence]</n>.


text:
Now may the God of peace, who brought back from the dead our Lord Jesus, the great Shepherd of the sheep <n>[i.e., the church]</n>, through the blood of the never ending Agreement <n>[i.e., Christ’s blood]</n>,


text:
equip you with every good deed for doing God’s will. <n>[May He]</n> work in us <n>[to accomplish]</n> what is very pleasing in His sight through <n>[the power of]</n> Jesus Christ. May there be praise to Him forever and ever. May it be so.


text:
But I urge you, brothers <n>[and sisters]</n>, listen to these words of exhortation, for I have written to you briefly.


text:
I want you people to know that our brother Timothy has been released <n>[from prison (?)]</n>. If he comes <n>[to me]</n> soon, I will bring him with me when I visit you.


text:
Greet all of those who are your leaders, and all the saints <n>[i.e., God’s holy people]</n>. Those <n>[brothers]</n> from Italy send you their greetings.


text:
<n>[This letter is from]</n> James, a slave of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ, <n>[who sends]</n> greetings to the twelve tribes which are scattered throughout the world. <n>[Note: This refers to Christians, probably of Jewish descent]</n>.


text:
And you <n>[should]</n> allow your perseverance to complete its work, so that you will be perfect and complete, <n>[and]</n> not lacking in anything.


text:
But if any one of you lacks wisdom, he should pray to God, who gives to everyone generously and does not begrudge <n>[the person who asks]</n>, and it will be given to him.


text:
But he should ask in faith, without doubting, because the person who doubts <n>[that he will receive wisdom]</n> is like an ocean wave that is driven and tossed by the wind.


text:
For that <n>[doubting]</n> person should not think that he will receive anything from the Lord <n>[through prayer]</n>,


text:
because he is double-minded and undecided in all that he does <n>[i.e., he cannot make up his mind and follow through about anything]</n>.


text:
But the person <n>[who must live]</n> in humble circumstances should be happy over being lifted up <n>[spiritually by God]</n>.


text:
And the wealthy person <n>[should be happy]</n> that he is humbled <n>[by God]</n>, because he will pass away like a flower <n>[blossoming]</n> from grass.


text:
For the sun rises with its scorching heat and withers the grass <n>[so that]</n> its flower <n>[blossoms]</n> fall off, and its beautiful appearance is destroyed. In the same way, the wealthy person will fade away as he goes about his business <n>[affairs]</n>.


text:
The person who perseveres under trials is blessed, because when he has been approved by God, he will receive the crown of <n>[never ending]</n> life, which God has promised to those who love Him.


text:
No one should say when he is tempted, “God is tempting me,” because God cannot be tempted by evil and He does not tempt anyone.


text:
Then, when the evil desire has conceived, it gives birth to sin. And when sin is fully grown, it produces <n>[spiritual]</n> death.


text:
Every good <n>[thing that is given]</n> and every perfect gift <n>[received]</n> is from above, coming down from the Father of <n>[heavenly]</n> lights, with whom there can be no change or shifting shadow <n>[i.e., God always remains the same]</n>.


text:
It was God’s purpose to bring us into being <n>[spiritually]</n> by the message of truth, so that we could become a kind of “first fruits” of those He created. <n>[Note: “First fruits” here suggests either that Christians are the best of all of God’s creatures (Num. 18:12), orthat they were the first to be converted, with many more to come]</n>.


text:
You people <n>[already]</n> know this <n>[or, “you should know this”]</n>, my dearly loved brothers. However, every person should be quick to listen, slow to talk and slow in becoming angry.


text:
Therefore, you should put away <n>[from you]</n> all moral filth and overflowing wickedness and humbly receive the word <n>[of God]</n>, planted within you <n>[by the Holy Spirit. See John 16:8]</n>, which is capable of saving your souls.


text:
But you should not deceive yourselves by just listening <n>[to God’s word]</n> instead of doing what the word teaches.


text:
For if anyone is <n>[only]</n> a listener to the word and does not practice it, he is like a person who sees his natural face in a mirror,


text:
and <n>[then after]</n> he sees himself, <n>[he]</n> goes away and immediately forgets what he looks like.


text:
But the person who looks closely into the perfect law that brings freedom, and continues to do so, is not a listener who forgets <n>[what he hears]</n>, but someone who does the work <n>[it requires]</n>. This person will be blessed for doing so.


text:
If anyone considers himself to be religious and yet does not keep a tight rein on his tongue, this person is self-deceived and his religion is worthless.


text:
Religion that is pure and uncorrupted in the eyes of <n>[our]</n> God and Father involves taking care of orphans and widows in their distress and keeping oneself unstained by the world.


text:
My brothers, do not hold <n>[views regarding]</n> the faith of our glorious Lord Jesus Christ <n>[i.e., as tenets of Christianity]</n> which show favoritism toward <n>[certain]</n> persons.


text:
For, suppose a person comes into your assembly wearing a gold ring and dressed in fine clothing and <n>[then another]</n> person comes in who is poor and dressed in shabby clothing.


text:
Now if you people show special attention to the one wearing the fine clothing and say <n>[to him]</n>, “You can sit here in this good seat,” and to the poor person, “You stand over there,” or “Sit on the floor by my feet,”


text:
are you not making class distinctions among yourselves and judging <n>[people]</n> from evil motives?


text:
Listen, my dearly loved brothers; did not God choose those who are poor in the eyes of the world to be wealthy in faith and to inherit the kingdom which He promised to those who love Him?


text:
But you people have dishonored the poor person. Are not rich people the ones who oppress you and drag you to court?


text:
Do they not speak against the honorable name by which you are called? <n>[i.e., the name “Christ” or “Christian”]</n>.


text:
However, you are doing well if you fulfill <n>[i.e., obey]</n> the royal law found in the Scriptures <n>[Lev. 19:18]</n>, “You should love your neighbor the same way that you love yourself.”


text:
But if you show favoritism toward <n>[certain]</n> persons, you are committing a sin and are convicted by the law <n>[of God]</n> as lawbreakers.


text:
For, whoever observes the entire law <n>[of God]</n> and yet breaks one requirement <n>[of it]</n>, becomes guilty of <n>[breaking]</n> all of it.


text:
For God, who said <n>[through Moses, Ex. 20:13f]</n>, “You must not be sexually unfaithful to your mate,” also said, “You must not murder.” Now if you are sexually faithful to your mate and yet murder <n>[someone]</n>, you have become a lawbreaker.


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For the person who has shown no mercy will be judged without mercy. <n>[For]</n> mercy wins out over condemnation.


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What good is it, my brothers <n>[and sisters]</n>, if a person says he has faith but does not have <n>[good]</n> deeds? Can such faith save him?


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and one of you says to him, “Go <n>[and be]</n> at peace; keep warm and eat well,” and yet you do not give him anything for his physical needs, what good is that?


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In the same way, if <n>[your]</n> faith does not have <n>[good]</n> deeds <n>[to accompany it]</n>, it is dead, <n>[because it stands]</n> alone.


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But someone may say, “You have faith and I have <n>[good]</n> deeds.” <n>[I reply]</n>, show me your faith without your <n>[good]</n> deeds, and I will show you my faith by my <n>[good]</n> deeds.


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You believe that there is <n>[only]</n> one God; that is good! Even the demons believe <n>[that]</n>, and they shudder <n>[with fear at the thought]</n>.


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Was not our forefather Abraham made right with God by deeds <n>[of obedience]</n> when he offered his son Isaac <n>[as a sacrifice]</n> on the Altar?


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<n>[Do you not]</n> see that faith cooperated together with his deeds, and faith was made complete by <n>[his]</n> deeds?


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So, the Scripture was fulfilled, which says <n>[Gen. 15:6]</n>, “Abraham believed God and <n>[so]</n> God considered him righteous,” and he was called God’s friend.


text:
And in the same way, was not the prostitute Rahab made right with God by <n>[her]</n> deeds when she welcomed <n>[and protected]</n> the messengers, and <n>[then]</n> sent them away by a different road?


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Not many of you should be teachers, my brothers, because you <n>[should]</n> know that we <n>[teachers]</n> will be judged more strictly.


text:
For we all make mistakes in many areas <n>[of life]</n>. If anyone does not make a mistake in what he says, he is a perfect person, capable of keeping a tight rein on his whole life also.


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Now if we put bits in the mouths of horses so that they will obey us, we can govern the direction of their entire bodies as well.


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Look, even though ships are huge and are driven by strong winds, still their direction can be governed by a very small rudder, wherever the pilot desires to sail.


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So, the tongue is a small part <n>[of the body]</n>, yet it boasts of great accomplishments. Look at how large a forest is burned up by even a tiny spark.


text:
And the tongue is <n>[like]</n> a fire <n>[i.e., like that spark]</n>. <n>[For]</n> the tongue, as a part of the body, is <n>[like]</n> the world of evil. It corrupts the entire life <n>[of a person]</n> and inflames the course of nature itself <n>[i.e., it affects a person throughout his whole earthly existence]</n>, and is ignited by hell itself <n>[i.e., the evil produced by the fiery tongue has hell as its source and destiny]</n>.


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For all kinds of animals and birds and reptiles and ocean creatures are being subdued and have been subdued by mankind,


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but no one can subdue the tongue. It is an uncontrollable <n>[source of]</n> evil and full of deadly poison.


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We praise the Lord and Father with it, and <n>[also]</n> curse men who are created in God’s likeness with it.


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My brothers, can a fig tree produce olives or a grapevine <n>[produce]</n> figs? Neither can a salt water <n>[spring]</n> produce fresh water.


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Who <n>[then]</n> is the wise and understanding person among you? He should show by his good conduct <n>[that he has]</n> deeds of gentleness <n>[stemming]</n> from wisdom.


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But if you people have bitter jealousy and rivalry in your hearts, do not be arrogant <n>[over it]</n> and deny the truth.


text:
This “wisdom” is not the kind that comes from <n>[God]</n> above, but is earthly, unspiritual and demonic <n>[i.e., it is motivated by an evil spirit and not the Holy Spirit]</n>.


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For when jealousy and rivalry exist, there is <n>[also]</n> disorder and every <n>[kind of]</n> evil practice.


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But the <n>[true]</n> wisdom, which is from <n>[God]</n> above, is first of all pure, then peace-loving, patient and easily persuaded. <n>[It is]</n> full of mercy and produces a crop of good deeds; <n>[it is]</n> impartial <n>[or, unwavering]</n> and sincere.


text:
<n>[People who are]</n> peacemakers sow <n>[seeds of]</n> peace and it produces a crop of righteousness <n>[in the lives of others]</n>.


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Where do conflicts and fights among you come from? Do they not come from your <n>[desire for]</n> pleasures which produce inner conflict?


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You people desire something and yet do not have it, <n>[so]</n> you murder <n>[to get it]</n>. You are envious <n>[of what someone has]</n> and <n>[yet]</n> are not able to obtain it, <n>[so]</n> you fight and quarrel <n>[over it]</n>. You do not have <n>[what you want]</n> because you do not ask <n>[God for it]</n>.


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<n>[When]</n> you do ask, you do not receive it, because you ask from wrong motives, <n>[just]</n> so you can satisfy your own pleasures.


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You people who have become unfaithful to God, do you not know that being <n>[intimate]</n> friends with the world <n>[of sin]</n> means hostility toward God? Therefore, whoever determines to be an <n>[intimate]</n> friend of the world becomes an enemy of God.


text:
Or, do you think that the Scripture says <n>[this]</n> for nothing? <n>[Note: No specific passage is here cited, but the idea occurs in several Old Testament passages]</n>. “The Holy Spirit, whom God has made to live in us, longs jealously <n>[for us to be faithful to God]</n>.”


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But He gives <n>[us]</n> more unearned favor <n>[i.e., to overcome the world]</n>. Therefore, the Scripture says <n>[Prov. 3:34]</n>, “God opposes proud people, but gives unearned favor to those who are humble.”


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Come close to God and He will come close to you. Wash your hands, you sinful people <n>[i.e., this is an exhortation to repent of moral and spiritual corruption]</n>, and purify your hearts, you double-minded people.


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Be distressed and grieve and cry <n>[over your sins]</n>; your laughter should turn into grieving and your joy <n>[should turn]</n> into sorrow.


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Do not slander one another, brothers, <n>[for]</n> the person who speaks against his brother, or judges him, is <n>[guilty of]</n> speaking against the law <n>[of God]</n>. But when you judge the law, you are not obeying it but acting as its judge.


text:
There is only One Lawgiver and Judge <n>[i.e., God or Christ]</n>. It is He who is able to save and destroy <n>[people]</n>. So, who <n>[do you think]</n> you are, judging your neighbor?


text:
Come on now, you people who are saying, “Today or tomorrow we will go to this <n>[or that]</n> city, spend a year there, do business and make some money.”


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<n>[For actually]</n> you do not know what your life will be like tomorrow. What is your life? For you are <n>[like]</n> a mist that appears briefly and then vanishes.


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Your gold and silver have tarnished and their tarnish will be a testimony against you <n>[i.e., you have hoarded your wealth instead of using it to benefit others]</n>, and they will devour your flesh as fire <n>[i.e., your riches will ultimately consume you]</n>. You have hoarded up your riches in these last days.


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Look, the wages you have fraudulently refused to pay the workers who mowed your fields are crying out <n>[against you]</n>. And the cries of these harvest hands have reached the ears of the Lord of <n>[heavenly]</n> armies <n>[i.e., Almighty God]</n>.


text:
You people have basked in luxury <n>[here]</n> on earth and lived lives devoted to pleasure. You have fattened yourselves <n>[as sacrificial oxen]</n> for the day of slaughter.


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You have condemned and murdered the righteous man <n>[i.e., the innocent person, See verse 4]</n> and he does not <n>[even]</n> resist you.


text:
So, be patient, brothers, until the Lord comes. Look, the farmer waits for his land to produce the valuable crop and is patient with it until it receives the fall and spring rains.


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<n>[So]</n>, you people should be patient also; strengthen your hearts because the Lord’s coming is near <n>[Note: This may refer to the destruction of Jerusalem in AD 70, or to Christ’s final coming and judgment]</n>.


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Do not complain against one another, brothers, so that you will not <n>[have to]</n> be judged <n>[and condemned for it]</n>. Look, the Judge <n>[i.e., Christ]</n> is standing at the door! <n>[See verse 8]</n>.


text:
Brothers, take the <n>[Old Testament]</n> prophets, who spoke in the name <n>[i.e., by the authority]</n> of the Lord, as your examples of suffering and patience.


text:
Notice that we consider those who endured <n>[suffering with patience]</n> to be blessed <n>[by God]</n>. You people have heard of Job’s patience and have seen what the Lord finally did <n>[for him]</n>. The Lord is very compassionate and merciful.


text:
But above everything else, my brothers, do not take oaths, not “by the heaven,” nor “by the earth,” nor by any other oath. But your “yes” should be <n>[simply]</n> “yes,” and your “no,” <n>[simply]</n> “no,” so you do not fall under condemnation.


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Is there anyone among you who is suffering? <n>[If so]</n>, he should pray. Is anyone happy? <n>[Then]</n> he should sing a psalm.


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Is anyone among you sick? <n>[Then]</n> he should call for the elders of the church and they should pray for him, after pouring <n>[olive]</n> oil on him in the name <n>[i.e., by the authority]</n> of the Lord.


text:
And if their prayer is <n>[offered]</n> by faith, <n>[God]</n> will heal the one who is sick, and the Lord will raise him up <n>[from his sickbed]</n>. And if he had sinned, he will be forgiven for them <n>[Note: This may imply that the man’s sickness was the result of some sin. In any event, his forgiveness would follow his repentance]</n>.


text:
So, confess your sins to one another, and pray for one another to be healed <n>[from sin sickness]</n>. The special request of a righteous person is empowered with <n>[great]</n> effectiveness.


text:
Elijah was a man with a similar nature as ours, and he prayed earnestly that it would not rain <n>[I Kings 17:1; 18:1]</n>, and it did not rain on the land for three and a half years.


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My brothers, if anyone among you strays away from the truth <n>[of God’s inspired message]</n>, and someone brings him back <n>[to it]</n>,


text:
that person should know that whoever brings a sinner back from the error of his way will save that soul from <n>[spiritual]</n> death and will cover over a large number of sins <n>[i.e., the many sins of that person will become forgiven]</n>.


text:
<n>[This is being written by]</n> Jesus’ apostle Peter, to God’s people who are scattered throughout the countries of Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia and Bithynia. <n>[Note: These places are located in present-day Turkey]</n>.


text:
These people have been <n>[specially]</n> selected, and <n>[their acceptance was]</n> pre-planned by God the Father, and they were set apart through <n>[the work of]</n> the Holy Spirit. This resulted in their obedience and sprinkling <n>[Note: This is a figurative reference to the Old Testament practice of cleansing, See Exodus 24:7-8]</n> by the blood of Jesus Christ. May God’s unearned favor and peace be continually upon you.


text:
God, the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, is to be praised for being so merciful as to have given us a new birth, which provides for us a hope of never ending life through the means of Jesus Christ’s return from the dead.


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Through Him we have an inheritance that cannot be corrupted or contaminated, and will never disappear; it is reserved in heaven for you.


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Through God’s power you are protected by <n>[your]</n> faith, so that you can expect to be saved in the end.


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Because of this you can be very joyous, even though it is necessary for you to have suffered many trials for a little while.


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But these will only test your faith, which is more valuable than gold which, though refined by fire, eventually perishes. Your faith, <n>[however]</n>, will <n>[endure and eventually]</n> prove to be praiseworthy and honorable when Jesus returns.


text:
Although you have not seen Jesus, you <n>[still]</n> love Him and believe in Him, and this causes you to have an indescribable, glorious joy.


text:
The prophets <n>[of old]</n>, who spoke of this salvation, asked about and searched diligently concerning the unearned favor <n>[God provided]</n> for you people.


text:
They studied <n>[their own prophecies]</n> to learn what, or which <n>[person or]</n> time the Holy Spirit in them pointed to, in predicting the sufferings of Christ and the glories yet to come.


text:
It was revealed to these prophets that you people, not they, were the ones being ministered to in the matters now being announced to you by those who preached the Gospel to you by the Holy Spirit, who was sent from heaven. <n>[This message contained]</n> things which angels would like to look into.


text:
So, gather your thoughts together for action, take control of yourselves and focus your hope completely on God’s unearned favor, which will be brought to you by Jesus Christ when He returns.


text:
As obedient children, do not pattern your lives after the evil desires you formerly had when you were ignorant,


text:
but according to the Holy One, who called you <n>[i.e., God]</n>, you people also should become holy <n>[i.e., separated for God’s service]</n> in all your conduct,


text:
because it is written <n>[Lev. 11:44f]</n>, “You shall be holy <n>[i.e., separated from sin]</n> even as I am holy.”


text:
And if you call upon <n>[God as your]</n> Father, who judges each person’s work impartially, <n>[then]</n> conduct yourselves during the time you spend in this life showing reverence <n>[to God]</n>.


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You <n>[should]</n> know that you were bought back <n>[from Satan]</n>, from your useless way of life, inherited from your forefathers, not with such perishable things as silver and gold,


text:
For Christ was previously known <n>[by God, even]</n> before the world was created, yet was not fully revealed for your benefit until <n>[these]</n> final times.


text:
<n>[It is]</n> through Christ, whom God raised from the dead and honored, that you people have become believers in God, so that your faith and hope could rest in God.


text:
<n>[Since]</n> you have purified your souls by <n>[your]</n> obedience to the truth <n>[i.e., the Gospel message]</n>, which produces a genuine love for your brothers, <n>[now]</n> you should have this kind of fervent, heartfelt love for one another.


text:
You have experienced new birth, not from seed that can decay, but from seed that cannot decay, through the living and enduring word of God.


text:
For all forms of flesh are similar to grass, and all the splendor of <n>[a person’s]</n> flesh is like the flower <n>[which blossoms]</n> from the grass. <n>[But as with]</n> grass, <n>[a person’s flesh]</n> withers, and its flower <n>[i.e., his splendor]</n> falls off.


text:
But the word of the Lord continues to live on and on <n>[forever]</n>. And this word is the good news that was preached to you people.


text:
Therefore, you should put out of your lives all malice <n>[i.e., bad attitudes]</n>, and all deceit and hypocrisy, and all envy and unwholesome talk.


text:
<n>[So]</n>, like newly born babies, you should desire the genuine, spiritual milk <n>[i.e., God’s word. See Heb. 5:12-13]</n>, so that by it you may grow toward <n>[final]</n> salvation,


text:
You should come to Him, who is a living stone, rejected by people, but chosen as precious in God’s sight.


text:
And you yourselves are also like living stones, being constructed into a spiritual house. For you are like holy priests who offer spiritual sacrifices that are acceptable to God through Jesus Christ.


text:
For it says in the Scripture <n>[Isa. 28:16]</n>, “Look, I am placing a stone in <n>[the city of]</n> Zion <n>[i.e., Jerusalem]</n>. It is a specially selected, very valuable cornerstone. And the person who trusts in the Him <n>[i.e., the One represented by this stone]</n> will never have to suffer shame <n>[i.e., because of unforgiven sin being brought up against him]</n>.”


text:
To those of you who believe in Him then, this “Stone” is <n>[very]</n> precious. But to those who do not believe <n>[Psa. 118:22 says]</n>, “The stone which those in charge of the building project have rejected has been made the principal stone for aligning the whole structure.”


text:
<n>[And it also says, Isa. 8:14, that He would be]</n>, “A stone that people would stumble over and a rock over which they would trip and fall.” The way they stumble is by disobeying the Gospel message. They were destined <n>[though not forced]</n> to do this.


text:
But you people are especially chosen <n>[by God]</n>; you are a royal body of priests; you are a nation especially set apart for God’s use; you are a people who belong exclusively to God, that you may express the virtues of the One who called you out of darkness <n>[i.e., of sin and error]</n>, and into His marvelous light <n>[i.e., righteousness and truth]</n>.


text:
At one time you <n>[Gentiles]</n> were not a <n>[chosen]</n> people, but now you are God’s <n>[special]</n> people. Once you had not received <n>[His]</n> mercy, but now you have received it.


text:
My dearly loved ones, I urge you, as a people who are foreigners and strangers <n>[in this world]</n>, do not give in to sinful desires, which wage war against the soul.


text:
You should live such good lives before <n>[unconverted]</n> Gentiles, so that even though they accuse you of being evildoers, by seeing your good deeds, they will <n>[be led to]</n> honor God <n>[for you]</n> on the day He visits us again <n>[i.e., to bring judgment]</n>.


text:
Submit yourselves to every authority set up by people for the Lord’s sake. <n>[Submit to]</n> a king as the <n>[highest]</n> authority,


text:
For it is God’s will that, by doing good, you should put to silence the ignorant <n>[talk and actions]</n> of foolish people.


text:
As servants of God, you should live as free people, but do not use this freedom to cover up your wrongdoing.


text:
Show <n>[proper]</n> respect for everyone. Love your <n>[Christian]</n> brothers <n>[and sisters]</n>. Have an awe-inspiring respect for God. Show honor to the king.


text:
Slaves, submit yourselves to your masters and show them respect, not just the ones who are good <n>[to you]</n> and treat you well, but also to those who are harsh toward you.


text:
For those of you who put up with such suffering unjustly, because of your close relationship to God, are to be commended.


text:
But it is no credit to you if you put up with a beating you deserve. But if you patiently tolerate suffering for doing good <n>[things]</n>, this is pleasing to God.


text:
<n>[After all]</n>, this is what you were called to do, because Christ also suffered for you, leaving you an example, so that you would follow in His steps.


text:
When He was spoken to with harsh insults, He did not reply in the same way. When He was made to suffer, He did not threaten <n>[His tormentors]</n>, but instead entrusted Himself to God, <n>[whom He knew]</n> would make a righteous judgment <n>[in the matter]</n>.


